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1

BYZANC, VRAP A ČECHY – DVĚ NOVÁ LUXUSNÍ KOVÁNÍ OPASKU ZE STŘEDNÍCH ČECH

100%
Profantová N.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2023
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vol. 71
|
issue suppl. 3
49 – 60
EN
This paper analyses two extraordinary finds of belt decorations from Černošice and Ratenice in the Middle Bohemia. The gilded massive decorated buckle with beak-like decorated tongue and a buckle-plate decorated by a motif of walking gryphon complemented by tendril in openwork has only one analogy of the gold fitting in Vrap (Albania, depot) – more than 1000 km away. It belongs to the Vrap-Erseke-Velino horizon from the first third of the 8th c. The incomplete openwork cooper-alloy fitting from Ratenice with a motif of a mythical beast (feline?) is also Byzantine in origin and could have gotten to Bohemia through Carpathian Basin, where similar stylization from the first half of the 8th c. rarely appears. On this site, fittings of Late Avar type were found. Both fittings enrich the older group of decorations with ties to the south and south-east and both were imported into Bohemia.
2

Stan i potrzeba badań nad materiałami krzemiennymi ze stanowisk wczesnośredniowiecznych

100%
Baranowska E.
Śląskie Sprawozdania Archeologiczne
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2011
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vol. 53
225-229
EN
Flint finds recovered during the investigation of early medieval sites are a sizable group. They have been recorded in grave-fields and in settlements. However, in the Polish literature we have studies specifically devoted to their subject. As a first step we need to identify flint artefacts in the material from medieval sites. Next, to separate worked flints datable to the early medieval period (taking into account particularly pieces worked using the fairly primitive splintering technique) and pieces that have an earlier dating. We have evidence on the reuse of prehistoric flint tools during the medieval period, e.g., the blade from the grave-field at Nowe Litewniki, or the Mesolithic core reused for a fire-flint, from site 22 at Łukawica. Moreover, we need to pay attention to pseudo-artefacts, which by reason of their form or colour could have been an object of interest. It is important to analyse flints discovered in association with fire-steels, because use-wear on fire flints has been analysed relatively well, especially for earlier periods of prehistory. A comprehensive analysis of questions outlined above could add to our understanding of the use of the flint resource during the early medieval period.
3

THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC FACTORS ON SETTLEMENT PROCESSES IN THE RIVER VALLEYS OF CENTRAL POLAND IN THE ROMAN AND EARLY MEDIEVAL PERIODS

100%
Stupnicka E., Baranowski T., Bender W.
Archeologia Polski
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2006
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vol. 51
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issue 1-2
93-120
EN
Numerous sites from the Roman and Early Medieval period have been discovered on the flood terraces of river valleys in central Poland. Settlement in these areas would have been unexplainable under present climatic conditions in view of the high ground water level and flood risk. Studies of the natural environment have accompanied archaeological work carried out in the Prosna valley, on an Early Medieval site in Kalisz (strongholds in the districts of Zawodzie and Ogrody, as well as a site in the Old Town), and in the valley of the Mogielanka), on a cult site from the period of Roman influence at Otalazka near Mogielnica. In both cases, the features are located on wide, flat and low flood terraces, which are now either artificially drained or else remain unused as boggy meadows. On the ground of comparative studies carried out by paleobotanists, limnologists and meteorologists among others, the conclusion can be drawn that conditions suitable for settlement in river valleys existed in Poland during the climatic optima, that is, in the Roman and Early Medieval times. These periods were separated by phases of unfavorable climatic change at the end of the 5th and early 6th century and in the 6th century. Violent floods led to the destruction of sites from the period of Roman influence located on the low terraces near river beds. In this cool and humid period, the population living in the low terraces of rivers in central Poland was forced to move, the action occasionally turning even into mass migration. The outcome was a population drop. The return of settlement to the low terraces occurred once climatic conditions improved to some extent in the 7th-8th centuries; this situation lasted until the 12th century. In the 13th-14th centuries the climate deteriorated again (small glacial age), resulting in an exodus of the population to the terraces above the floodplain and the uplands, where chartered towns began to be established. 7 Figures.
4

AN ARROWHEAD MARK (GRZYWNA) FROM PRZEMYSL

88%
Bober M.
Acta Archaeologica Carpathica
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2006
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vol. 41
171-177
EN
The Old Magyar cemetery (9th/10th-middle of the 10th century) and some pottery from sites scattered across the city area provide the only archaeological evidence of settlement in early medieval Przemysl. Extensive surveys aimed at identifying the contour of the town were ultimately rewarded with a discovery of the remains of the ancient defences in Matejko Street as well as in Cathedral Square (Przemysl, Site 20). This report presents only one of a number of objects which have so far been recovered. It is a relatively small iron artifact resembling an arrowhead, shaped like a wedge from the butt end to the point, with an incision, still clearly visible on one side at about 2/3 of its height. The object is 6.5 cm long, 0.9 cm wide, and weighs 15 g. It was found at the depth of 233.95 m a.s.l., in Layer 5, interpreted as a the debris of the earliest form of the wall. The pottery found in that layer is dated to the 10th–11th century. The weight, size and shape of the object indicate its affinity to the class of arrowhead marks. The only feature which sets off our find is the incision, which other specimens in that class lack. The term 'arrowhead mark' was introduced by K. Wachowski, who came to the conclusion that artifacts shaped like arrowheads from Gilów in Silesia were in fact bullion substitutes. He linked them with other forms of metal 'currency', the Silesian bowls. Some researchers reject outright the idea of their paramonetary function and insist that they could well have been used as iron spikes of wooden maces, awls, peforators, chisels, blades, not to mention the use as mere arrowheads. Although most of the assemblages of those arrowheads come from Silesia, an increasing number of similar finds in Malopolska make it necessary to revise the claim that their distribution area was local, ie. restricted to Silesia. At the present stage of research the artifacts in question are dated to the 9th-early 10th century. Kotowicz believes that the accumulation of arrowhead marks in south Poland points to their local provenance and production. They could well have functioned as a paramonetary medium, alongside other forms of bullion substitutes. The arrowhead marks recovered from sites in south Poland are linked to the culture of Great Moravia. The connection is evident as the marks are analogous to those found south of the Carpathian arch while various Great Moravian artifacts feature prominently in assemblages with arrowhead marks from Polish sites, eg. Trepcza (Horodyszcze), Chodlik Zmijowiska, Obiszów and Naszacowice. The artifact presented in this report comes from the 10th century judging by the chronology of the pottery in the layer from which it was recovered and the dating of analogous specimens from the south of Poland. A verification and full explanation of the function of the so-called arrowhead marks and the nature of their Great Moravian links will require more research. Its findings can be expected to be of considerable importance to the interpretation of the Przemysl artifact presented in this article.
5
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PRÍSPEVOK K OSÍDLENIU SMIŽIAN VO VČASNOSTREDOVEKOM OBDOBÍ

88%
Fecko P., Soják M.
Študijné zvesti
|
2019
|
issue 66
95 – 124
EN
The paper offers information about the results of the archaeological research which was accomplished during the construction of the hypermarket TESCO in the village Smižany (district Spišská Nová Ves). The excavated feature can by most probably interpreted as a sunken-floor house. Based on similar analogies from the archaeological sites in the Spiš region and other regions of Slovakia, the excavated findings and the feature itself can be dated to the 8th to 9th century. The archaeological findings from the aforementioned period discovered in the cadastre of Smižany are not rare and are known from the settlements and to a lesser extent from burial grounds. All Early Medieval settlements probably belonged under the administration of the central Čingov hillfort situated in the Slovak Paradise. The analysis of ceramics deposited at the Institute of Archaeology of the SAS – Research department in Spišská Nová Ves pointed out the necessity to revise the ceramic findings from the Spiš region dated to the Early Medieval period and also the necessity to publish all archaeological findings that came from closed finding features
6

INFRA CIVITATEM PRIWINAE. GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY OF THE EARLY MEDIEVAL CENTRE OF MOSAPURC/ZALAVÁR

75%
Milo P., Szȍke B. M., Tencer T., Ritoók Á., Gergely K., Vágner M.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2021
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vol. 69
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issue 2
359 – 386
EN
One of the most attractive themes in archaeological research is the excavation of central places. These include early medieval centres which mirror the political and socio-economic relationships, reflecting the changes of their time. Zalavár-Vársziget is undoubtedly one of the most important fortified sites in Central Europe in the Early Middle Ages. Its short-lived existence from the 840s to the beginning of the 10th c. perfectly illustrates the rise and fall of Carolingian power in Pannonia. It was a place where important people of that time, including Pribina, Kocel, Methodius, and Arnulf, lived and worked. Its repeated occurrence in written historical sources also points to its significance. In these sources, it appears under various names, but especially as Mosaburg. Systematic archaeological excavation of the site has been conducted for approximately 70 years. Within the last decade, geophysical surveys followed field research. By comparing previous knowledge and new results from the geophysical prospection, we were able to, with the help of statistics and spatial analyses and evaluate the similarities and differences between the central area and its surroundings, identifying the basic characteristics of the individual parts of the site.
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