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EN
Challenging the main reports that see corruption as an evil to eradicate in Ukraine, this article proposes that it would be beneficial to analyze and treat petty corruption that helps people to survive rather than enrich citizens, within the framework of gift exchange proposed by Marcel Mauss. To do so, this paper thus focuses on the three alleged most ‘corrupted' places in Ukraine: a university, a hospital, and a police control post, in order to develop a detailed analysis of the meanings of these transactions. Furthermore, it examines the particular role that social actors take within these arrangements to propose the recognition of a grey zone between corruptions as evident in the examples analyzed over the course of the paper.
EN
(Polish title: Sprawy majatkowe póznosredniowiecznej kujawskiej elity szlacheckiej w zródlach dokumentowych i aktowych. Konwencja i rzeczywistosc). The property of nobility, which includes different forms of pledges and real estates, was an object of various transactions, i.e. sales, exchanges, dowries, divisions. All the transactions were confirmed by official documents and acts. But frequently the information about transactions is reconstructed only on the basis of single and isolated notes, which do not render the complexity of particular operation. This complexity is not visible until historian knows the sources that document particular regulation in their entirety. Thus there are plenty of misinterpretations and overinterpretations. The article presents various examples and definitions (alternatively explanations) of terminology of economic transactions, i.e. sales, purchases, retracts and forfeitures. Thanks to a complete archival research the author states, that because of lack of money the finalization of economic transactions in Cuiavia in the late medieval ages was very often dragged out or did not come off at all.
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