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FUMIGATION AS A PREVENTIVE MEASURE AGAINST CHOLERA - A CONTRIBUTION TO THE HISTORY OF THE SECOND EPIDEMICS OF CHOLERA IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE (Fumigacja jako srodek profilaktyczny przeciwko cholerze - przyczynek do historii drugiej epidemii cholery w C

100%
Janicka I.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
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2009
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vol. 57
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issue 1
67-78
EN
On of the most serious diseases which attacked Europe in the 19th c. was cholera. The 19th c. saw five pandemics which reduced the world population by 30 to 40 million people. Before vibrio cholerae was isolated by Robert Koch in 1883, doctors had not known the source of infection and had applied the means of treatment and prevention which were commonly used in the case of other contagious diseases. The article describes the method of purifying the air during an epidemics called fumigation. Interiors were fumigated with the fumes of natural substances (juniper, vinegar or even animal manure) or chemicals (calcium chloride). The former were easily available in any household; the latter could be bought at the chemist's. Calcium chloride was dispensed free of charge. Fumigation was recommended in official documents, although its effectiveness was generally doubted. Moreover, the fumes of vinegar or calcium chloride irritated the eyes and throats. Nevertheless, fumigation was applied almost until the end of the 19th c.
2

EPIDÉMIE, PANDÉMIE A SPOLOČNOSŤ

88%
Uhrin M.
Etnologické rozpravy (Ethnological Disputes)
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2021
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vol. 28
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issue 1
8 – 20
EN
The increase of infectious diseases among humans dates to about 12 000 years BC and is associated with the transition from hunting and gathering as a dominant substitution strategies towards agriculture and the sedentary way of life. However, diseases and infections plague human species for much longer period. Archaeological and genetic evidence suggests that some diseases are „as old as humanity itself“. Infectious diseases have been one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality throughout history of humankind. The paper aims to introduce the main approaches to the scientific study of pandemics and epidemics. The author considers some of their evolutionary, historical, social and cultural aspects. Special attention is paid to the related conspiracy theories. The author argues that understanding these aspects can help to manage the course of pandemics and epidemics in the future.
3
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Choroba i zdrowie w Królestwie Prus w XIX wieku (1806–1871)

75%
Łukasiewicz D.
Colloquium Wydziału Nauk Humanistycznych i Społecznych AMW
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2013
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issue 2
7-36
EN
In the nineteenth century, the state of medical knowledge, also in Prussia changed tremendously. There was a great advancement of gynecology, which became a university subject. Moreover, a number of state obstetrics schools came into being, replacing the midwife-amateur. Some attempts of more human treatment of patients with mental illnesses were made; however, knowledge in this field was rather remote. The 18th and 19th c. gripe were epidemics such as smallpox, measles, fever, typhoid, cholera, tuberculosis, dysentery, which still collected massive harvest at that time. Syphilis was a significant problem, especially in the army. The improvement in the treatment of smallpox occurred only after the introduction of compulsory vaccination. The emergence of antiseptics and anesthesia was the great innovation of the nineteenth century. This allows the vast decreased in maternal mortality. Until the end of the century the mortality rate was very high, and human life short. The number of physicians increased, but there were still few and still they were an urban phenomenon. In 1849 in Prussia, 80% of 5595 doctors lived in cities, much more in eastern than western provinces. In the rural areas, due to the absence of doctors, healers, religious and folk medicine were of great significance. For the first time idea of the modern hospital appeared in the eighteen century, in the nineteenth century it became a mass phenomenon. Since the eighteenth century there was a much vaster structure of state administration with the Ministry of Health at the helm, including a city and county doctors. Gradually significant improvement in the quality of food at lower layers decreased the incidence and improved quality of life. Fertilization increased yields, the growth of potatoes became prevalence, sugar beet, grown up cattle and increased intake of meat. The meat started to be froze. Along with it and the popularization of the rail, the area's affected by hunger were more easily resured by fast shipment and export over long distances.
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