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LUDWIK ZAMENHOF'S ATTEMPT AT SOLVING THE JEWISH QUESTION (Próba rozwiazania kwestii zydowskiej przez Ludwika Zamenhofa)

100%
Zelazny W.
Sprawy Narodowościowe
|
2011
|
issue 38
101-114
EN
Abstract Zamenhof is well-known as the creator of the international language Esperanto. The origins of Esperanto stem from Zamenhof's attempts to convince Jews that they could form a nation, even without territory, on the basis of a language, namely Esperanto; otherwise, they would always be an ethnic group only. Zamenhof presented his doctrine in 1901 in a Russian language leaflet entitled Hilelism. He decided to address the Jewish intelligentsia in Russia, where the Jewish issue was most pronounced and tense. But the Russian intelligentsia was unable to work out a national program. Already at the beginning of the 20th century, it was split into many groups with a variety of standpoints, and each group perceived the Jewish nation in a different way and, most importantly, located its seat in a different part of the globe. Esperanto itself, however, became increasingly more popular at that time. Its adherents strongly criticised a broad spectrum of different, mildly utopian doctrines on how to solve the Jewish issue. Zamenhof reedited his Hilelism in such a way that his efforts to solve the Jewish issue began to be absorbed into broad humanism. Later, he gradually promoted Homaranism, being at a distance from Judaism itself. Zamenhof finally believed that he left Esperanto, not to a 'specific ethnic group,' but to all humanity.
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ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF PLANNED LANGUAGES: ESPERANTO AND INTERLINGUA - A COMPARISON

100%
Blanke D.
Lingua Posnaniensis
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2006
|
vol. 48
7-20
EN
The aim of the article is to give an overview of a morphological structure of two planned languages, namely Esperanto and Interlingua with respect to their source languages. Among the large number of projects of international planned languages (also called (artificial) world languages, universal languages), in addition to the furthest developed and applied Esperanto (1887), Interlingua (1951) has played a certain role.The different target groups for whom the two languages were created are reflected by their vocabularies and morphological structures. Interlingua, virtually being an attempt to model Benjamin L. Whorf's 'Standard Average European', follows Romance model languages with regard to lexicon and word formation, it is historical-etymologically oriented, and is intended for an educated international elite that is familiar with European languages. Like its source languages, it possesses features of inflectional languages and knows analytic marking. Esperanto is communicative-functionally oriented, it has a very productive word formation system independent from model languages, and, therefore, is relatively easy to learn by people without a Euro-language background. It is characterized by a high degree of agglutination, but has properties of isolating languages as well as both synthetic and analytic features.Typical morphological properties of Esperanto and Interlingua will be compared: morphemes and their sources, morpheme compatibility, word categories and word formation processes, grammatical categories and paradigms (declination, conjugation). Examples and text samples including interlinear morphemic translation will provide insight into the two languages.
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