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Article 7 TEU: A Commentary on a Much Talked-about “Dead” Provision

100%
Kochenov D.
Polish Yearbook of International Law
|
2018
|
vol. 38
165-187
EN
This article contributes to the growing literature on Art. 7 TEU by showcasing the strong and weak points of this provision in the context of the on-going rule of law backsliding in Hungary and Poland – backsliding which threatens the very fabric of EU constitutionalism. The article presents the general context of the EU’s institutional reactions to the so-called “reforms” in Poland and Hungary, which are aimed at hijacking the state machinery by the political parties in charge. Next it introduces the background of Art. 7 TEU and the hopes the provision was endowed with by its drafters before moving on to analysis of its scope and all the mechanisms made available through this instrument, including the key procedural rules governing their use. The author posits that it may be necessary to put our hopes in alternative instruments and policies to combat the current rule of law backsliding, and the article concludes by outlining three possible scenarios to reverse the backsliding, none of which are (necessarily) connected with Art. 7 as such.
2
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The European Neighbourhood Policy: Differentiation without Political Conditionality?

100%
Poli S.
Yearbook of Polish European Studies
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2015
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issue 18
133-164
EN
The aim of this chapter is to examine the way in which the EU has differentiated its relations with its Eastern and Southern neighbours, as well as the basis for such differentiation. The analysis shows that differentiation lies at the heart of the EU relations with these countries, and also describes factors that have led to ‘differentiation’ in the context of the ENP. The deepening of the cooperation with the ENP countries is not always and only due to political conditionality; it is linked to ex post rather than ex ante conditionality. The high level of variable geometry in the ENP does not, however, concern EU restrictive measures. The EU has adopted a fairly uniform policy in this area and has imposed restrictive measures vis-à-vis neighbour countries, regardless of their different geopolitical position and specifi c relations with the EU. In the near future, the level of variable geometry in the ENP is likely to grow: new contractual arrangements will be offered to Armenia and Azerbaijan; and differentiation and fl exibility are the hallmarks the 2015 review of the ENP. The question arises: Can the ENP remain a single policy framework, considering the high degree of differentiation? It is submitted herein that the ENP should remain the overall framework for the EU-ENP relations, since this counters the risk of a re-nationalization of this policy. A different issue is whether the EU’s choice of engaging with countries which have rejected EU values, in whole or in part, can be reconciled with a value-based foreign policy.
3

Unia Europejska jako wspólnota oparta na wartościach — znaczenie dla państw sąsiadujących

88%
Cieśliński A.
Wrocławsko-Lwowskie Zeszyty Prawnicze
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2014
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vol. 5
157 - 177
EN
There is no doubt that the European Union is to be considered a community based on values — especially since the significant reforms introduced by the Lisbon Treaty in Art. 2 TEU, which not only includes their wide list, but first of all names them in this exact way. They are treated as developed from the cultural, religious and humanist inheritance of Europe, but are rather typical for modern western societies with the emphasis put on human dignity, equality, pluralism and tolerance. What is important, their meaning is not limited only to the EU’s territory or Member States themselves. According to the Treaties, in its relations with the wider world, the EU shall uphold and promote its values and in case of neighboring countries to develop a special relationship, aiming to establish an area of prosperity and good neighborliness, founded on them. Such an idea seems to be essential for future candidates states to since the leading Treaty condition of the application to become an EU Member State is respect for values.
4
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Wartości czy interesy? Przyczynek do rozważań o istocie procesów integracji w ramach Unii Europejskiej

75%
Szczerba-Zawada A.
Przegląd Europejski
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2017
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vol. 2017 (45)(3)
96-115
PL
The purpose of this article is to try to outline the essence of membership of the European Union. This international organization, by virtue of the decision of its creators, i.e. the Member States, has been equipped with attributes, which have determined its unique – supranational – character. As a new legal order, the European Union has been granted some scope of autonomy, but ontologically it is dependent on the Member States. It is the Member States that have taken decision on setting up a new integration structure with a center of decision-making located not only outside but also above them, the scope of its competences and instruments of their exercising, and as “masters of the Treaties”, may decide to dissolve it. The decision to join the European Union seems to be determined pragmatically and praxiologically – upon benefits of cooperation within the framework of the EU. In this perspective solidarity, understood as the unity and equality of the Member States, based on common values, becomes a factor legitimizing the EU, and at the same time – a guarantor of its existence, especially in times of crisis. Celem artykułu jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie o istotę członkostwa w Unii Europejskiej (UE). Ta organizacja międzynarodowa, na mocy decyzji jej twórców, tj. państw członkowskich, wyposażona została w atrybuty, przesądzające o jej unikalnym – ponadnarodowym – charakterze. Stanowiąca nowy porządek prawny, Unia Europejska posiada określony zakres autonomii, ale w sensie ontologicznym jest zależna od państw członkowskich. To one zdecydowały o powołaniu struktury integracyjnej z ośrodkiem rządzenia ulokowanym nie tylko poza, ale także ponad nimi, o zakresie jej kompetencji oraz instrumentach ich realizacji, a pozostając „panami traktatów”, mogą zdecydować o jej rozwiązaniu. Decyzja o członkostwie w Unii Europejskiej wydaje się być warunkowana pragmatycznie i prakseologicznie – korzyściami, jakie daje współpraca w zakresie rozwiązywania wspólnie doświadczanych problemów. Solidarność, rozumiana jako jedność i równość państw członkowskich, wyrosła na jednoczącym aksjologicznym gruncie i warunkująca realizację integracyjnych celów, staje się w tej perspektywie czynnikiem legitymizującym UE, a jednocześnie – gwarantem jej bytu, zwłaszcza w niełatwym czasie kryzysów.
5

Wartości czy interesy? Przyczynek do rozważań o istocie procesów integracji w ramach Unii Europejskiej

51%
Szczerba-Zawada A.
Przegląd Europejski
|
2017
|
issue 3(45)
96-115
PL
Celem artykułu jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie o istotę członkostwa w Unii Europejskiej (UE). Ta organizacja międzynarodowa, na mocy decyzji jej twórców, tj. państw członkowskich, wyposażona została w atrybuty, przesądzające o jej unikalnym – ponadnarodowym – charakterze. Stanowiąca nowy porządek prawny, Unia Europejska posiada określony zakres autonomii, ale w sensie ontologicznym jest zależna od państw członkowskich. To one zdecydowały o powołaniu struktury integracyjnej z ośrodkiem rządzenia ulokowanym nie tylko poza, ale także ponad nimi, o zakresie jej kompetencji oraz instrumentach ich realizacji, a pozostając „panami traktatów”, mogą zdecydować o jej rozwiązaniu. Decyzja o członkostwie w Unii Europejskiej wydaje się być warunkowana pragmatycznie i prakseologicznie – korzyściami, jakie daje współpraca w zakresie rozwiązywania wspólnie doświadczanych problemów. Solidarność, rozumiana jako jedność i równość państw członkowskich, wyrosła na jednoczącym aksjologicznym gruncie i warunkująca realizację integracyjnych celów, staje się w tej perspektywie czynnikiem legitymizującym UE, a jednocześnie – gwarantem jej bytu, zwłaszcza w niełatwym czasie kryzysów.
EN
The purpose of this article is to try to outline the essence of membership of the European Union. This international organization, by virtue of the decision of its creators, i.e. the Member States, has been equipped with attributes, which have determined its unique – supranational – character. As a new legal order, the European Union has been granted some scope of autonomy, but ontologically it is dependent on the Member States. It is the Member States that have taken decision on setting up a new integration structure with a center of decision-making located not only outside but also above them, the scope of its competences and instruments of their exercising, and as “masters of the Treaties”, may decide to dissolve it. The decision to join the European Union seems to be determined pragmatically and praxiologically – upon benefits of cooperation within the framework of the EU. In this perspective solidarity, understood as the unity and equality of the Member States, based on common values, becomes a factor legitimizing the EU, and at the same time – a guarantor of its existence, especially in times of crisis.
6
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O solidaritě v evropském unijním právu

38%
Tichý L.
Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)
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2023
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vol. 162
|
issue 12
1135-1155
EN
The contribution is a brief analysis of the concept of “solidarity” in the context of European Union law. Since it is a topic that is practically undeveloped, especially in Czech legal literature, it is first necessary to give a brief explanation of the meaning of this notion in the non-legal field and its penetration into the legal field and its development in EU law. Secondly, it defines the essence, content and function of solidarity and analyzes its relationship with similar general categories of EU law, including its basic principles, fundamental human rights. The article thus describes the scope of the concept of solidarity, the regulation of which is already found in seventeen places of primary European law. The last problem area is the enforceability of the content of solidarity, which includes not only obligations, but also rights that operate not only between member states, member states and the institutions of the European Union, but also in some cases towards individuals. The contribution comes to the conclusion that the solidarity is a key category, which has the status of a meta-principle of a multi-layered structure. It forms the basis of a legal and constitutional community such as the European Union, and also as a part of a legal norm expressing specific assistance. This is evidenced not only by the high frequency of this term in primary law, which was enriched with this term only in the last twenty-five years, the case law of the European Court of Justice, which considers it an existential notion in several of the decisions, and the development in the field of migration and asylum policy in recent years.
CS
Příspěvek je stručnou analýzou pojmu „solidarita“ v kontextu evropského unijního práva. Protože zejména v české právní literatuře jde o téma prakticky nezpracované, předně vysvětluje význam tohoto pojmu v mimoprávní oblasti a jeho průnik do práva EU. Definuje podstatu, obsah a funkci solidarity a rozebírá její vztah k obdobným obecným kategoriím unijního práva včetně jeho základních principů. Solidarita obsahuje nejen povinnost, ale i práva, jež působí nejen mezi členskými státy navzájem, členskými státy a orgány Evropské unie, ale v některých případech i vůči jednotlivcům. Příspěvek dospívá k závěru, že v případě solidarity se jedná o klíčovou kategorii, která má jednak postavení metaprincipu několikavrstevné struktury a tvoří základ právního a ústavního společenství, jakým je Evropská unie, jednak má význam jako součást právní normy vyjadřující konkrétní pomoc.
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