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Perspektywy cywilizacji europejskiej

100%
Nowak T.
Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs
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2011
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issue 3
9-27
EN
European civilization, or Western one in broader notion, ceases to perform a dominant role in the world. The civilizing mission of Europe gradually comes to a close. The greatest in the world’s history European project of peaceful integration is losing its momentum of modernization. In the face of growing pressure for economic competitiveness, liberal democratic and free-market constitutional fundamentals of Western world appear to lose the previous quality of development. There are many social, economic and cultural phenomena and processes in Europe and the world that threaten the principles of humanism and democracy. The aforementioned tendencies may constitute a ground for conflicts and intra-civilizational confrontations, as well as give impulse to form a peaceful coexistence in the name of cooperation in multi-cultural, multi-religious and multi-racial world. The fate of European civilization and its place in the world’s great transformation will depend to a great extent on the chosen way of solving European and global problems.
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Europejskie pogranicza Hiszpanii w oczach polskich podróżników, dyplomatów i żołnierzy (XVI-XIX w.)

88%
Kucharski A.
Rocznik Lubuski
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2009
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vol. 35
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issue 1
11-34
EN
For more than four centuries (16th-19th) Spain was the target of numerous and remote journeys undertaken by Poles. The Polish accounts of these voyages include many observations concerning Spanish borderlands. Initially, in the 16th and 18th centuries, Spain was perceived by Poles as the borderland of the Christian World protecting Europe from the as well the door to the New World. In the following two centuries however, the country tended to be assessed in negative categories and viewed as cultural backwater dominated by stagnation and backwardness. In the 18th and 19th centuries the French border in the Pyrenees, separating the country from Spain, was frequently referred to as the edge of the European civilization.
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