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1
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EN
The deliberations presented in this article are based on the assumption that in broadly understood European studies and studies on European integration we should apply a broader view to the analysed issues. For instance, the international aspects of the functioning of the European Union should be perceived also from the global perspective, taking into account the evolution of the modern world. The world is currently undergoing extensive changes, the direction of which cannot be predicted at this point. The predominant Western development model, based on liberal democracy and free-market economy, is under a major crisis and, what is more, it has recently gained competition in the form of alternative models, starting with the anti-Western Asian model. The main thesis of the article comes down to the observation that the Western model – despite its shortcomings and the fact that it should by no means be imposed on anyone by force – has good chances of being a universal model and of still playing a very important role in the world in the future.
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Systemowe spojrzenie na europeizację

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EN
This article presents the main trends of research on the concept of Europeanization. In the last decade it has become one of the main areas of interest of European integration students. The Europeanisation concept is discussed in the context of the leading theories of European integration. The article proposes a look at the Europeanization in relation to the systemic theory in political science
EN
The paper aims at presenting the structural changes in Polish industry as a result of the integration process with the European Union. Some of the characteristic features of the Polish industry in the pre-accession period, which distinguish this sector from the industries of the EU member countries, were e.g. a large share of heavy industry in the industrial production, a low level of technological development in many sectors, high employment level in labour-consuming sections and, as a result, low competitiveness. Despite a relatively short period of Polish membership in the EU, some of its positive effects can already be seen in the industrial sector. The main changes include a significant growth of the industrial production sold and labour productivity, as well as export dynamics. As far as the structural changes are concerned, there is a lower contribution of mining industry in the industrial production and a slight growth of the processing industry share.
EN
The author presents the results of empirical research, which was conducted among managers of co-operative enterprises in Poland and concerned opinions about the ever more discussed and ever more up to date issue, namely the integration of Poland with the European Union. The empirical material includes opinions of the surveyed people on: (1) - issues connected with integration of Poland and the European Union; (2) -the opportunities to receive aid from different European Union funds by the co-operatives.
EN
The article discusses the changes which are taking place in the Election Law of Ukraine. Their consequence is the transformation of the state from the parliamentary-presidential into the presidentially-parliamentary republic and the loss by the Supreme Council of Ukraine of a considerable part of its authority in favour of the president of Ukraine. As based on the conducted analysis, the conclusion has been done that the Ukrainian Election Law requires further changes which shall allow its ordinary development, stimulate real rivalry in the process of elections and lead to forming of the proper level of political culture in the society. The success of the introduced changes depends on whether the Election Law will be practically followed or will be left as juridical declaration, whether the destiny of Ukraine will be connected with Europe or with authoritarianism.
EN
The author aims at analysing the competitiveness of Polish economy especially from he point of view of economic arrangement and policies implemented by the European Union. The relative position of Poland was described and interpreted on a basis of statistical data, pointing the differences betwen countries, and economic policy assessment. It appears that the relative position of the Poland's economy is not satisfactory. Some economic policies of the EU do not contribute to improving the competitiveness of member states, but main factors determining competitiveness are domestic, not EU-related.
EN
This paper presents some of the problems relating to Polish integration with the European Union. The condition of Polish agriculture is compared with the condition of agriculture in EU member states. The expected benefits and difficulties for Polish farmers in the new situation are discussed.
EN
The role of national parliaments in the European Union is not limited to the development, especially in the nineties and later, of forms of their participation in the consultation process aimed at creation of European law. Successful functioning of the European Union depends also on the loyal fulfillment of obligations laid on member states that are arising from the Treaties. Although the area of activity of national parliaments has shrunken they received new functions related to the European integration. The turning point for the recognition of the role of national parliaments in European Union took place in the Protocol to Amsterdam Treaty. It brought guaranties for fair conditions for parliaments to influence governmental decisions concerning the European Union. It also institutionalized the COSAC - Conference of European Commissions of National Parliaments, as advisory body within the European Union structure. As the practice showed the first part of the Protocol had bigger influence on so far modest re-parliamentization of the European Union. Its deepening could take place together with coming into force of the Treaty establishing the Constitution for Europe. The Treaty could introduce a system of early warning by national parliaments against a violation of principle of subsidiarity. The introduction of the system without a ratification of the Constitutional Treaty seems to be possible but problematic.
EN
The article attempts to characterize the socio-cultural specificity of Slovenia. Attention has been drawn to the coexistence of selected elements that apparently influence the shape of the contemporary identity of the inhabitants of this small country, such as the Habsburg and Yugoslavian legacy or successes in the process of European integration. Separate reflection has been devoted to reasons of a lack of interest in Slovenia among Poles despite relatively close geographical distance between the two countries. The results of research on Poles' attitude to Slovenians have also been analyzed and the emergent picture is complemented by results of a mini-survey on the image of Slovenia among university students.
EN
The twentieth-century integration of Europe was based on several fundamental factors, including universalism, a search for new forms of international order after the fall of the earlier established systems, and a wish to discover guarantees for national security. Contrary to universally held opinions, European integration did not start after the Second World War as a process intentionally and unselfishly initiated by governments and societies which had accepted a vision formulated by enlightened leaders. Actually, it was a combination of the national interests of particular European states, which together with an awareness of the threat posed by the communist system and the economic domination of the USA, that set this process into motion. An essential catalyst of changes aiming towards integration was the Marshall Plan, which enforced the cooperation of European countries- beneficiaries of American aid. For these reasons, the 1950s became a period of a considerable acceleration of the unification of Europe.
EN
Integration is a word very frequently used and probably one of the most fashionable in the present everyday life of the Balkan people. Politicians, artists, intellectuals speak about political, economical, cultural, European Integration as well as spiritual integration. The word integration is widely used, as much as there have been efforts to define or understand it by the general public, besides the fact that integration is perceived as something “good in nature,” especially the integration with Western community. Hence, one of the issues, which everybody agrees on in Albania and in the region is that the accession into the European Union is still the main objective of the region prospect. European integration is perceived as a solution of the major problems during the process of the socio-economic development of the countries of the region. The authors think that the efforts of the people of the region toward economic and democratic progress should not be simply treated as tools used to be “self-integrated” in the EU, but they rather have to be perceived as positive processes undertaken by each country during transition. Keeping an economic perspective, this paper aims to discuss the qualitative benefits and costs for Albanian economy, in its integration way toward the EU.
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Perspektywy cywilizacji europejskiej

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EN
European civilization, or Western one in broader notion, ceases to perform a dominant role in the world. The civilizing mission of Europe gradually comes to a close. The greatest in the world’s history European project of peaceful integration is losing its momentum of modernization. In the face of growing pressure for economic competitiveness, liberal democratic and free-market constitutional fundamentals of Western world appear to lose the previous quality of development. There are many social, economic and cultural phenomena and processes in Europe and the world that threaten the principles of humanism and democracy. The aforementioned tendencies may constitute a ground for conflicts and intra-civilizational confrontations, as well as give impulse to form a peaceful coexistence in the name of cooperation in multi-cultural, multi-religious and multi-racial world. The fate of European civilization and its place in the world’s great transformation will depend to a great extent on the chosen way of solving European and global problems.
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W poszukiwaniu nowego ładu globalnego

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EN
The author proposes a “hybrid” approach to the issue of global order, combining in his study theoretical and practical issues. From theoretical point of view he is focusing on crucial ideas important in normative, liberal (institutions) and neo-realistic school of thinking on global affairs and global order, leading us to the conclusion that in normative sense currently there is a mess and nobody’s really ready to propose a kind of “global codex” (Z. Bauman), which is necessary for a globalised world of “network societies” (M. Castells); in institutional sense we have some new phenomena, like G-20, BRICS or Shanghai Cooperation Organization, as well as further deepening process of European integration after the Treaty of Lisbon, which is theoretically not absorbed yet; and finally in real politics one can observe an important Powers Shift, from Atlantic to Pacific, at least in economic sphere. According to the Author’s final conclusions, we are facing two principal challenges (meaning humankind): deeply mixed transnationalisation (i.e. diminishing of the role of nation states, including major powers) and quickly-growing consciousness of some global challenges (proliferation of nuclear arms, climate change, shrinking of raw and energy sources, other environmental issues, etc.). Thus, in his opinion, experts on security issues and probably also researchers of global order should prepare a kind of “cooperative order” idea, an idea which, however – for the first time in decades or perhaps even Centuries – should be proposed not only by the West. This is the essence of the new global order which is emerging after the collapse of the global (Western) markets in September 2008. It is too early too judge yet whether this particular moment is a real fault-line leading to creation of a new order, but there are many signs prompting us to conclude so.
EN
Mutual neighbourhood relations between Russia, Belarus and the European Union are for both sides one of the most important priorities of their foreign policies. However, there are sometimes moments of tension in international relations between the EU, Russia and Belarus, although a big crisis is unlikely as they need each other. To make their relations decidedly better, the UE should concentrate on business and not on values. Whereas Russia and Belarus should take into consideration, that the good friendly neighborhood relations in fact mean joint interests and profits.
15
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Aksjologiczna dezintegracja w UE? Przypadek Węgier

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EN
Hungary since 2010 has entered into the new chapter in its history, described on domestic scene as the „era of fight for freedom”, of national independence (from any foreign diktat) and „unorthodox economy”, which led also to the „opening to the East” (including China and Russia). Even the unquestioned leader of the State, prime minister Viktor Orbán confirmed, that this is „an illiberal system”, moving ever since further and further away from liberal democracy established in 1990. The author of this study, using mainly Hungarian and Hungarian language sources, is trying to describe, what is the essence of the new system, how it works and looks like. This Hungarian case study seems to be important, as it shows yet another challenge on the road of European integration, with so many other obstacles recently. Is the new Hungarian system a showcase for the others in the region, and the whole EU? No one knows the answer, but it is the highest time to know, how the Hungarian system is looking from the inside, after withdrawal from the principles of the rule of law, liberal democracy and the separation of powers, or checks and balances.
EN
This paper analyses the European Union's Cohesion Policy under the 2007-2013 budgetary constraints as seen from the perspective of the new - Central European - member states. In the introduction, the author conceptualises the term 'Central Europe' pointing out the highly diverse and relative way of defining it, both in scholarly literature and in political discourse. Due to the fact that the accession of new states from Central Europe increased the regional disparities (measured in social and economic standards), the role of cohesion policy got strengthened, making its budget the largest part of total EU expenditures. Consequently the efficiency of the policy is put into consideration, including the methodology of evaluations, the criteria used, and objectives. In the concluding part of the paper it is emphasised that the EU Cohesion Policy has also served as a mechanism which promotes a more 'human face' of the European integration process, going beyond a simple 'market friendship' to include ambitions to build a political community based on solidarity foundations. It is the only EU policy that explicitly addresses the economic and social inequalities within the European territory.
EN
After the Second World War Poland went through three different geopolitical situations. Firstly, Poland was militarily and economically dominated by the Soviet Union, took part in the Warsaw Pact and in the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. The transition process that started in 1989 completely changed the entire political and military situation of the country. Poland redefined its foreign relationships. The number of our neighbouring countries also increased from three to seven. Poland tried to introduce a non-alignment policy. Following the accession to NATO and to the European Union, the role of Poland increased significantly. Poland is the sixth country in the EU population-wise and has an influence on common decisions. The country created new internal and external policies. Poland has also attempted to change its historical geopolitical position between Germany and Russia. Germany and Poland are members of NATO and EU together. Poland tries to emphasise its EU member position in the mutual relations with Russia. Poland is doing its best to maintain peace and good-neighbourly cooperation in Europe. The country has a vision of peace and freedom in the Central-Eastern European region that in the past just too often fell victim to conflicts and foreign domination.
EN
European integration is a direct response to the tragic historical events of the early 20th century. It creates political ties and a new legal system with a diversified nature. Regulation of more and more new areas within the process of strengthening European integration is a response to a challenge of the future as well as a binder of domestic legal identities. The article deals with a broad subject-matter of multilevel nature of European laws and its constitutional role. The basis for the examination is the presentation of the achievements of the doctrine and the author's analysis of the issue, constituting the specificity of the subject, supplemented by an analysis of commonly known and less ‘popular' decisions of the European Court of Justice.
EN
Migrations of rural people have long tradition and specific characteristics in Poland. They arę incomplete, cyclical and they uphold traditional forms of life. The main effective cause is here the character of great-area economy, where centre countries take advantage from countries on periphery (specially - their labour force). These aims were imminent in Nazi plans named "Grossraumwirtschaft" (H. Kahrs) and the same are inherent in present plans of European integration (D. Diner). Each time the basic condition is to remove small landholders from their property and change them into 'wandering workers'.
EN
The objective of the article is to analyse some fragment of the Swiss public discourse, in the field of the European integration as seen from the political parties’ percpective. The analysis shows that there can be observed the phenoomenon of Europpeanisation – the party programs, manifestoes, and political argumentation is more and more saturated with the European Union problematic as well as it is more intense and more salient.
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