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DISPOSITIONAL OPTIMISM, AFFECTIVE STATES AND JUDGEMENTS OF FUTURE LIFE EVENTS

100%
Diaconu-Gherasim L. R., Mãirean C.
Studia Psychologica
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2017
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vol. 59
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issue 3
193 – 205
EN
This research examined the relationship between dispositional optimism and judgements of future life events, and whether this relationship is moderated by affective states. An adolescent sample (N = 139, 57.6% girls) was recruited. After filling in the questionnaire for dispositional optimism, the participants were randomly assigned in the experimental conditions in order to induce negative affective states versus control condition. Finally, the participants completed the affective states and judgements of future life events scales. The results indicated that dispositional optimism positively correlated with judgement of positive events, but not with judgements of negative events. We found evidence for affective state as a moderator; the relationship between dispositional optimism and judgements of future positive events was stronger in the control condition compared to the negative affective state condition. The implications of these findings for understanding the relation between personality factors and judgements about future events are discussed.
2

LEWISIAN-STYLE COUNTERFACTUAL ANALYSIS OF CAUSATION: A NEW SOLUTION TO THE OVERDETERMINATION PROBLEM

100%
Goswick D.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
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2010
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vol. 17
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issue 4
461-476
EN
Causal overdetermination - i.e. instances in which x, y, and z all occur and intuitively the occurrence of x alone is sufficient for the occurrence of z and the occurrence of y alone is sufficient for the occurrence of z - has been long considered as a problem for counterfactual analyses of causation. Intuitively, we want to say both x and y caused z, but standard Lewisian counterfactual analysis yields the result that neither x nor y caused z. David Lewis, himself, suggested that overdetermination ought to be left as 'spoils to the victor'. The author shows how, if we modify Lewis' account of events slightly, we can bring counterfactual analysis in line with our intuitions about overdetermination.
3
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Dvojitá prefixace a sémantika sloves pohybu

86%
Docekal M.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2009
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vol. 70
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issue 4
327-342
EN
In this paper, the author discusses the aspectual system of Czech and in particular, the prefix combinations in verbs. Following the arguments of Gehrke (2009) and the general model of Zwarts (2005), he argues that as upward monotone vectors, the goal prefixes 'do-' and 'pri-' cannot be modified by the measure prefix 'po-' (there are no verbs such as *po-do-skocit or *po-pri-jet). He then offers a formal treatment of paths and events homomorphism for motion verbs in Czech. Based on the examined data, the author argues in favor of keeping separate two distinctions in the aspectual system of Czech: telicity and perfectivity. The paper as a whole is dedicated to the integration of the formal treatment of Czech aspect with vector space semantics for preposition phrases and prefixes.
4

FORMAL DESCRIPTION OF TEMPORALITY (PETRI NET APPROACH)

86%
Mazurkiewicz A.
Cognitive Studies
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2009
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issue 9
53-64
EN
In the paper two methods of representing temporal dependencies expressed in natural languages are given. The first one, introduced by H. Reichenbach in 1948, is based on a linear representation of time, with events represented by points on the time scale. The second one is based on a net representation of states, events, and their succession introduced by C. A.Petri in 1962. The main difference between these two approaches consists in accepting by nets (i) partial ordering of events and states rather than their linear ordering, hence accepting their mutual independence, and (ii) a possibility of representing coexisting as well as mutually excluding states, hence accepting different histories in one model. Reichenbach's representation can be viewed as a particular case of the Petri net one. Both representations use graphical means for modeling temporal phenomena.
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