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1

Links between Theory of Mind and Executive Function: Towards a More Comprehensive Model

100%
Putko A.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2009
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vol. 40
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issue 4
1-7
EN
This paper addresses the problem of relationships between the development of theory of mind (ToM) and executive function (EF). An overview of empirical findings leads to the conclusion that the complex picture of the relations between EF and ToM development may result from the intertwining of different types and levels of reciprocal influences. It is, on the one hand, the level of emergence-type vs. expressive-type influences, and, on the other hand, direct vs. indirect ones. Data from longitudinal and training studies suggest the asymmetry of reciprocal influences between EF and ToM, with the stronger impact of EF on ToM development, which supports the view that EF is a prerequisite of ToM development. A model is proposed that explains how different EF and ToM skills are involved in the specific types and levels of influences. The issue of disentangling in the analysis the different types of reciprocal impacts is also discussed.
2

LANGUAGE DYSFUNCTION THAT IS/OR THOUGHT DISORDER IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

100%
Garab E. A.
Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)
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2007
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vol. 62
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issue 4
495-512
EN
One of the most obvious symptoms of schizophrenia is the blurred communication, the abnormal speech and thinking. This review tries to look over the literature in this topic about clinical findings, neuropsychological studies, researches with brain imaging techniques, and so on. There are several questions like definition and nature of this symptom, functional background of it or the methods of studies used. However, we are getting closer to answers, there are several issues unexplained. As a whole, the phenomenon of language dysfunction or thought disorder in schizophrenia is an interdisciplinary, challenging and inspirative issue, which could give new perspectives to understand not only schizophrenia itself, but the human mind as well.
3

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORKING MEMORY AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTION AND POLYMORPHISM OF BDNF (BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR) GENE IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS

100%
Borkowska A., Wilkosc M., Tomaszewska M., Skibinska M., Dmitrzak-Weglarz M., Drozdz W., Hauser J.
Psychologia-Etologia-Genetyka
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2007
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vol. 16
33-47
EN
Current studies on cognitive processes focused also on specificity and neurobiology of working memory. Working memory is mostly connected with the activity of prefrontal cortex, and their disturbances are an important element in the etiopathogenesis of mental illnesses. Activity of different neurotransmitters and also neurotrophic systems, especially brain derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF) play an important role in memory processes. It is also important in brain developmental processes and the polymorphism of BDNF gene now is in the center of genetic-molecular studies on working memory processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate a relation between polymorphisms Val66Met and C-270T of BDNF gene and the efficiency of working memory measured by neuropsychological tools: Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Stroop test and Trail Making Test A&B in healthy subjects. The study was performed on 90 healthy volunteers (33 women, 57 men) aged 18-58 years. The results obtained have demonstrated the relation between performance on some of neuropsychological tests and polymorphism C-270T of BDNF gene, and the relationship was different in male and female group. However no association between the performance of the neuropsychological tests and polymorphism of Val66Met of BDNF gene was found. The results indicate different influence of the BDNF gene polymorphisms in working memory processes.
4

COGNITIVE RESOURCES THAT HELP US TICK: RECRUITMENT OF THREE OFTEN POSTULATED CORE EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS IN HUMAN PROSPECTIVE TIMING

88%
Lovaš L., Kačmár P.
Studia Psychologica
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2016
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vol. 58
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issue 2
89 – 104
EN
Time is ubiquitous to our everyday life. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim to further elucidate the nascent topic of executive resources recruitment in human prospective timing. For this purpose, a specific within-subject experimental procedure was conducted. Participants (N = 43) completed a timing task (reproduction of intervals) and tasks tapping three core executive functions (working memory, inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility), under single and dual-task conditions. Statistical analysis of the interference effect revealed disruption of timing similarly under all three core executive loads. This was reflected in under-reproductions of intervals in comparison to control conditions. Furthermore, an analysis revealed a significant effect of duration, thus, timing impairment was observed in longer durations, not in the shortest one. For an interpretation of the results, an executive-gate model (modification of an attentional-gate model) was used. The results and limitations are further discussed.
5

A NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE FRONTOSTRIATAL INVOLVEMENT IN CHILDHOOD PSYCHIATRIC SYNDROMES

63%
Meszaros G., Tarnok Z., Olah S., Gadoros J.
Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)
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2008
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vol. 63
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issue 1
117-141
EN
The paper surveys the clinical profile of childhood executive disorders and then presents the test battery adopted and elaborated to investigate these types of disorders. The Hungarian studies done on several hundred clinical and control subjects allow for a careful analysis of comorbidity patterns as well. ADHD was accompanied by a challenge to all prefrontal functions, while Tourette syndrome was typically accompanied by impaired prefrontal inhibitory functions. At the same time the obsessive-compulsive disorder was not accompanied by impairments in the dorsolateral circle. Emotional decisions were impaired in this as well, however. In anorexia nervosa the prefrontal system was challenged while according to our neuropsychological data it is a symptom alike obsessive-compulsive disorder.
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