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1
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Animals from the tumuli in el-Detti in Sudan: from bone remains to studying ritual

100%
Iwaszczuk U.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2016
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vol. 25
431-446
EN
Excavation of seven tumuli during the 2015 season in a cemetery of Early Makurian date located in the village of el-Detti yielded an extensive animal bone assemblage, altogether 590 bone fragments, accompanying the other finds. Poor preservation resulted in some 10% of the bones not being identified to species. Bone remains were located likewise in chambers, shafts, tunnels and looters’ trenches. They represented the following species: cattle, ovicaprines and dog. Marks recorded on the bones confirmed that the cuts of meat from cattle and ovicaprines were served as food offerings for the dead. The dog bones were probably connected to some form of ritual performed during the funeral.
2
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Early Makuria Research Project: Interim report on the excavation at el-Detti in 2014 and 2015 with Appendix: Metal objects from the el-Detti cemetery

88%
El-Tayeb M., Czyżewska-Zalewska E., Kowarska Z., Lenarczyk S.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2016
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vol. 25
403-430
EN
Burial structures and the assemblages found inside them at the site of el-Detti, about 13 km downstream from Karima and 7 km upstream from el-Zuma, were explored in 2014 and 2015 by a joint team from the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology University of Warsaw and the National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums of Sudan. The aim was to enable comparison with the excavated burials at el-Zuma, a nearby tumuli field explored by the Early Makuria Research Project in recent years. Special attention was paid to metal artifacts from the tombs (studied in the appendix), which contribute to a better understanding of the local social and cultural traditions. The focus of the Early Makuria Research Project on examining the mortuary customs at el-Detti has helped to identify the burial practices of Early Makurian society and to trace the spread of Early Makurian society over time.
3
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Animal remains from the Early Makurian cemetery in el-Zuma (season 2013)

88%
Iwaszczuk U.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2015
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vol. 24(1)
425-430
EN
Excavation in 2013 of two tumuli, T.15 and T.21, making up part of the Early Makurian cemetery at El-Zuma, yielded numerous animal bones among other finds. The total from T.15 was a set of 1404 fragmentary bones belonging (with the exception of 653 that could not be identified due to the poor state of preservation) to cattle and ovicaprids. The remains came from the shaft, the burial chamber and two lateral chambers. The number of bones from T.21 was much smaller, restricted to 78 fragments, coming mostly from the burial chamber. Except for one bird bone and seven unidentified fragments, the remains belonged to an ovicaprid. Marks visible on the bones from both tumuli confirmed that the parts of cattle and ovicaprine carcasses served as food offerings for the dead.
4
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Remarks on pottery production, technology and vessel usage in el-Zuma

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Czyżewska-Zalewska E.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2016
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vol. 25
725-740
EN
Continuing excavation in the tumuli field in el-Zuma has yielded an extensive pottery assemblage, adding to the material that has already been published in general reports. New types and variants of vessels have been identified. The article presents the new material and discusses production technologies, surface treatment and peculiarities of usage.
5
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Early Makuria Research Project Excavations at el-Zuma, 2017. Preliminary report

75%
El-Tayeb M.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2017
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vol. 26(1)
339-354
EN
During the tenth season of excavations at el-Zuma the mission resumed the previously postponed excavation of the last two tunnels beneath tumuli T.1 and T.4. Both tumuli were classified as Type I burials, based on their large size and unique construction. The exploration of the said two tunnels was essential as each was expected to lead directly to the main burial chamber. Although the chambers were reached, yet they were found seriously rifled. Nonetheless, new modified elements of burial niche construction were discovered. The protection of the tumuli field was also completed during the course of the season
6
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Early Makuria Research Project. Excavations at Tanqasi: first season in 2018

63%
Wyżgoł M., El-Tayeb M.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2018
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vol. 27(1)
273-288
EN
Tanqasi village lies on the left side of the river Nile, about 17 km downstream from Merowe city. A large tumuli field is located some kilometers southeast of the village toward the edge of the Bayuda Desert. It contains no less than 250 tumuli of various size and form of superstructure, varying from very large to very small, but only four of these have been excavated so far (three in 1953 and one in 2006). A new study program, starting in 2018 within the frame of the Early Makuria Research Project, has now explored five more tombs located in different parts of the cemetery, providing a broad chronological sequence from late to terminal Meroitic.
7
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Pottery from Dongola: a stratigraphic assemblage from unit B.I.41

63%
Danys K.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2016
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vol. 25
761-779
EN
The article discusses an assemblage of pottery recovered from unit B.I.41 in the palatial building B.I excavated on the citadel of Dongola in the 2011 and 2012 seasons. Exploration started with the fill of the room, followed by the fill of structures belonging to an earlier building below it. A well dated sequence of layers from the 6th through 7th centuries was identified. The pottery assemblage proved to be very abundant, composed of table vessels, cooking pots, storage and transport containers; the lattermost group included imported examples, mainly from Egypt. Most of the finds represented Dongolan ceramic production from the period in question.
8
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Royal ornaments of a late antique African kingdom, Early Makuria, Nubia (AD 450–550). Early Makuria Research Project

51%
Then-Obłuska J.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2017
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vol. 26(1)
687-718
EN
After the fall of the Meroe kingdom, three entities – Nobadia, Early Makuria, and Alwa (Alodia) – emerged in northeast Africa between the 4th and the 6th centuries AD. Richly furnished elite cemeteries with tombs of the Nobadian kings are known from Qustul and Ballaña in Lower Nubia (Emery and Kirwan 1938), but until now no royal tombs of Early Makuria have been identified. A comparative analysis of some recently excavated adornments and ornaments from the tumulus cemetery of el-Zuma in Upper Nubia have now enabled the Early Makuria royal tombs (AD 450–550) to be placed there. The assemblages from three large tumuli are dominated by personal adornments (beads, pendants, earrings, chains, crosses, and a ring), royal regalia (cabochons and settings), and other decorated items (metal sheets, an intarsia and ivory gaming pieces). Apart from beads of various materials, like marine mollusk shell, ostrich eggshell, faience and stone, which were made probably in local workshops, the remaining items were imports from the Mediterranean and Sri Lanka/South India (glass beads in the latter case). Moreover, many of the decorated objects and the techniques used to make them find parallels in the elite Nobadian cemeteries of Qustul and Ballaña, hinting at the royal origin of some of the Early Makuria tomb owners at el-Zuma. These parallels induce the thought that there was a single workshop in late antique Nubia producing artifacts for the elite.
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