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REGIONAL SECURITY THEORY: THE EAST AFRICAN EXPERIENCE. A LOOK BACK AT THE CHALLENGES ENTERING THE NEW MILLENNIUM

100%
Jennigns M.
Ante Portas – Studia nad Bezpieczeństwem
|
2017
|
vol. 2(9) Security Issues in Sub-Saharan Africa
71-86
EN
This paper will discuss different theories of regional security and how they have evolved over time along with the successes and challenges of regionalism efforts in East Africa. A case study will be used to contextualize the utility of a regional security analysis. Through an analysis of the theory of regional security, this paper will answer the following questions: does East Africa qualify as a security complex? Can the theory of Regional Security be useful in understanding the multitude and varied security issues? Is the preoccupation with regionalism a luxury for those regions that do not face threats to survival or a necessity for regions that do? Can regional-based efforts combined with a shared sense of regionalism improve security in East Africa?
2
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Ryzyko i zaufanie we wschodnioafrykańskim handlu karawanowym

88%
Pawełczak M.
Afryka
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2016
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issue 43
121-154
EN
The article scrutinizes the sources and manifestations of risk that was involved in the East African caravan trade in the 19th century (i.e. the pre-colonial, as well as the early colonial period). Also, the text is devoted to the means of trust building (such as cognatic ties, blood brotherhood) that were used to minimize uncertainty that was inherent in the business activities in multiethnic and stateless societies. The stress is put on the clash of different legal traditions, culturally motivated patterns of economic behaviour and economic ethics. In the conclusion, author attempts to interpret the relevant issues in the light of the generally known features of the historical processes: political centralisation of the Sultanate of Zanzibar, the penetration of the interior by Muslims, and destabilisation of the interior.
3
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Ile funtów na fārsala? Miary i wagi stosowane w handlu zanzibarskim w okresie 1830–1888

75%
Pawełczak M.
Afryka
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2019
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issue 50
119-140
EN
The article concerns the system of measures and weights used in the Sultanate of Zanzibar, mainly in the international port of Zanzibar in the years 1830-1888. The system was used in the trade between local, Arab, Indian and Western merchants. It drew from various traditions. In a relatively short time, after a period of standard negotiation between merchants and state officials, this eclectic system was, to some extent, embedded in the English tradition based on an ounce, pound and yard. While the measures of volume have retained their local character and have not been converted into European units, they have also been globalised through their weight equivalents. The author considers the Zanzibar system of measures and weights in a political and economic context. At the same time, he believes that the key to understanding the process of creating the Zanzibar system of measures and weights is to understand how it was conceptualised by the Western, and also indirectly local recipients.
4
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Statistical data on international trade in British consular reports from the Sultanate of Zanzibar in the nineteenth century

71%
Pawełczak M.
Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
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2020
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vol. 81
EN
Niniejszy artykuł skupia się na kwestii wiarygodności dziewiętnastowiecznych brytyjskich raportów konsularnych jako źródeł w badaniach handlu międzynarodowego w Zanzibarze. Autor zestawia ze sobą dane statystyczne zawarte w wyżej wymienionych dokumentach z pochodzącymi z raportów francuskich i amerykańskich, a także z korespondencją amerykańskich i niemieckich przedsiębiorstw handlowych prowadzących działalność w Zanzibarze. Analiza pokazuje, że dane ujęte w brytyjskich raportach pochodzą z generalnie wiarygodnych źródeł, które jednak udostępniane były jedynie w okresach spadku koniunktury. Chociaż w statystykach pojawia się niewiele nieścisłości, to prawdopodobne jest, że dane były znacząco zaniżane. Nie wyklucza to jednak dużego stopnia wiarygodności raportów w odzwierciedlaniu struktury lokalnego handlu i najważniejszych tendencji w nim występujących. The article concerns the reliability of nineteenth-century British consular reports as a source for the study of international trade in Zanzibar. The author confronts the statistical data contained therein with reports from France and the United States, as well as with the correspondence of US and German trade companies operating in Zanzibar. The author concludes that the data contained in the reports derives from essentially reliable sources, access to which, however, was only possible in the years of economic downturn. Although few inconsistencies can be found in the statistics, it is likely that they include significant underestimations. However, this does not preclude a significant degree of credibility in terms of the structure and general trends of the trade.
5
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Kupcy indyjscy w międzynarodowym handlu Zanzibaru w latach 1840–1888

63%
Pawełczak M.
Afryka
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2018
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issue 48
81-124
EN
The article describes the role of Indian merchants in the international trade of Zanzibar during the period 1840-1888, i.e. from the strengthening of the rule of Sa’īd ibn Sultān Āl Bu Saʻīdī on the East African coast to the loss of this area by his son Bargaš ibn Sa’īd as a result of colonial conquest. The article deals with both objective and subjective factors determining the place of Indians in the trade of Zanzibar, including transport and communication, currency, factors related to participation in exchange mechanisms, negotiations, cooperation, competition and capital flow. Moreover, the author analyses the transformation within the Indian community of the Sultanate of Zanzibar, referring to the concept of commercial diaspora. He focuses on the ways in which the diaspora acted as an intermediary in the international exchange at various levels, adapting to changing political, technical and financial conditions. He scrutinises the changes in relations with Europeans, including the erosion of trust which was related to the increase of competition and risk. The author draws a model of the evolution of the Indian community from the stage in which access to brokering was controlled by the diasporaʼs narrow elite and the ruler to a situation in which the hierarchy of diaspora became fragmented and the access to credit opened up new opportunities to a broader wave of immigrants at various levels of exchange. This concerned both the direct trade with Western markets and the trade on the East African coast. The author used the archival sources from Zanzibar, Great Britain, Germany, the USA and France, including those created by the merchant companies from Staatsarchiv in Hamburg and the Peabody Essex Museum in Peabody (MA, USA)
6
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Uncertainty, risk, and trust in nineteenth-century East African longdistance trade

63%
Pawełczak M.
Studies in African Languages and Cultures
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2018
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issue 52
9-48
EN
This article discusses the sources and symptoms of uncertainty and risk that accompanied East African caravan trade in the nineteenth century, and the trustbuilding measures that minimized them. The author addresses long-distance trade of goods imported from Europe, India and the United States, as well as African products that were exported abroad, such as ivory and copal. Findings are interpreted in the context of the historical events that ensued in the region in the second half of the nineteenth century, including the centralization of the Sultanate of Zanzibar, development of mainland agriculture, penetration of the African interior by Muslim culture, and destabilization of the interior in conjunction with the emergence of stronger political structures. This work relies on late-nineteenth-century Swahili texts, including accounts by caravan participants, western travel accounts, archival documents from the homes of merchants established in Zanzibar, and consular sources.
7
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Belt and Road Initiative w Afryce i jej wpływ na rozwój The Joint Africa–EU Strategy

51%
Leszek K.
Przegląd Europejski
|
2020
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vol. 2020(2)
61-82
PL
The purpose of the paper is to analyse how the progress of the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the participation of African countries may affect the shape and development of the Joint Africa–EU Strategy (JAES), established in 2007. Since 2013, when BRI was presented to the world for the first time, we have been able to observe increased activity of representatives of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in promoting and implementing the project. Due to the fact that BRI is going to connect the trade route of China with the countries of East Africa, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Europe, which is supposed to trigger the extension of the Chinese financial and infrastructure activities, it should be considered as a priority for the Chinese government. However, taking into account of still unclear concept of the initiative we should focus on analysing the impact of the Belt and Road Initiative on the European Union’s strategy towards African countries. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza kwestii, jak rozwój chińskiej inicjatywy Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) i udział w niej państw afrykańskich mogą wpłynąć na kształt oraz rozwój strategii współpracy Unii Europejskiej (UE) z państwami Afryki, która powstała w 2007 r. pod nazwą The Joint Africa–EU Strategy (JAES). Od 2013 roku, gdy po raz pierwszy przedstawiono BRI światu, widoczna jest wzmożona aktywność przedstawicieli Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej (ChRL) w promowaniu, a także wdrażaniu projektu w życie. Z uwagi na to, że inicjatywa ma na celu połączyć szlakiem handlowym Chiny z krajami Afryki Wschodniej, Azji Środkowej, Bliskiego Wschodu oraz Europy, co w konsekwencji ma powodować rozszerzenie działań ChRL w zakresie finansowym i infrastrukturalnym, należy ją uznać za priorytetową dla chińskiego rządu. Jednak, uwględniając nadal niejasną koncepcję analizowanej inicjatywy BRI, a także wzmagające się wyzwania i wzrastające możliwości, uwaga w niniejszym artykule została skupiona na wpływie BRI na strategię Unii Europejskiej wobec państw afrykańskich
8

Belt and Road Initiative w Afryce i jej wpływ na rozwój The Joint Africa–EU Strategy

51%
Leszek K.
Przegląd Europejski
|
2020
|
issue 2(56)
61-82
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza kwestii, jak rozwój chińskiej inicjatywy Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) i udział w niej państw afrykańskich mogą wpłynąć na kształt oraz rozwój strategii współpracy Unii Europejskiej (UE) z państwami Afryki, która powstała w 2007 r. pod nazwą The Joint Africa–EU Strategy (JAES). Od 2013 roku, gdy po raz pierwszy przedstawiono BRI światu, widoczna jest wzmożona aktywność przedstawicieli Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej (ChRL) w promowaniu, a także wdrażaniu projektu w życie. Z uwagi na to, że inicjatywa ma na celu połączyć szlakiem handlowym Chiny z krajami Afryki Wschodniej, Azji Środkowej, Bliskiego Wschodu oraz Europy, co w konsekwencji ma powodować rozszerzenie działań ChRL w zakresie finansowym i infrastrukturalnym, należy ją uznać za priorytetową dla chińskiego rządu. Jednak, uwględniając nadal niejasną koncepcję analizowanej inicjatywy BRI, a także wzmagające się wyzwania i wzrastające możliwości, uwaga w niniejszym artykule została skupiona na wpływie BRI na strategię Unii Europejskiej wobec państw afrykańskich.
XX
The purpose of the paper is to analyse how the progress of the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the participation of African countries may affect the shape and development of the Joint Africa–EU Strategy (JAES), established in 2007. Since 2013, when BRI was presented to the world for the first time, we have been able to observe increased activity of representatives of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in promoting and implementing the project. Due to the fact that BRI is going to connect the trade route of China with the countries of East Africa, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Europe, which is supposed to trigger the extension of the Chinese financial and infrastructure activities, it should be considered as a priority for the Chinese government. However, taking into account of still unclear concept of the initiative we should focus on analysing the impact of the Belt and Road Initiative on the European Union’s strategy towards African countries.
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