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PL
The main focus of the article is a literary picture of Central European countries asan internally diversified, unique, cultural, anthropological phenomenon polarizedaccording to the cultural antinomies: East-West and Central-Peripheries. Myanalysis is based Z. Szczerek's Międzymorze’s a contemporary memoir of thejourney through Central and Eastern Europe. Modernity and the process of redevelopmentis a point of reference for Szczerek's contemporary view on CentralEurope. His strategy made it evident, that categories like borderland, periphery,diversity, are distinctive for Central European reality indicating its division, borderfluidity and civilizational amorphism.
EN
This article concerns the Eastern motif ―the horse and the rider in the desert‖. This motif appeared in French poetry (Millevoye and Lagrange) in connection with the translations of the Bedouin (desert arabs) poetry. Gradually, in the poetry by Zukovskij (Песнь араба над могилою коня), Pushkin (IX Imitation from the poetic cycle Подражания Корану), Mitskevich (Фарис), and Lermontov (Три пальмы), a metasubject was formed, with a synthesis of Eastern and Western motifs. The poets start with the imitation of the Eastern texts and then, in their poetry, they start to express the philosophical ideas of correspondence between the Eastern and Christian cultures as different forms of a civilization development.
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Japanese history and the hegemony of chronological time

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EN
Through an overview of modern Japanese historiography this essay examines the dilemma faced by non-Western (East) and non-modern places when trying to write their own history. The formulation of modern history onto Newtonian time and space-chronological time (progress) and nation-states has been remarkably stable when viewed from the West, but troubling for non-Western places. Since 1868 (Meiji revolution) when a new government endeavored to turn the archipelago into a modern nation-state, Japanese intellectuals and historians accepted the necessity of writing a history of Japan and simultaneously struggled to overcome the stigma of being East or Oriental. They developed several now familiar strategies: more historical research, alternative modernity, and search for authenticity. None accomplished the goal of equivalence. This essay argues that the problems they encountered are in the structure of history itself, in particular, the way that chronological time locks the non-West into a recursive pattern, forever of the East.
EN
This article offers a reflection on Norwid’s discourse about Italy in the context of his narrative about Europe. The symbolic position of Italy on Norwid’s imagined map was a resultant of several perspectives: the North-South opposition, the East-West axis, the categories of centre and peripheries, and it was linked to the universal view from a global and temporal perspective. Each of these perspectives led to other issues (anthropological, cultural, political, economic, civilizational, aesthetic). In the early period of Norwid’s work, Italy’s position was mainly defined by its belonging to the South (at that time its climatic, cultural and aesthetic qualities were stressed). Over time, Italy’s position was increasingly marked on the East-West axis (related mainly to civilizational and political issues). In many of Norwid’s works, Italy was the symbolic centre of the world (with a picture of Rome as the centre of Christianity). Sometimes it was even part of a universal landscape. The evolution of Norwid’s work can be interpreted as the continuous overcoming of the hegemony of one axis or perspective, and consequently, as an attempt to inscribe the image of Italy onto an intricate system of coordinates representing his symbolic imagined map.
EN
The article presents the fundamental assumptions of Chinese aesthetics. Chinese philosophy and aesthetics are as rich as Western aesthetics, and avoiding the implications of that fact may slow the development of aesthetics as a whole. In this article, the etymology and sources of aesthetics are discussed, and the range of research interests of comparative aesthetics of China and the West is outlined. The author also describes selected categories of Chinese aesthetics – suggestiveness (analyzed with the idea of hanxu) and the concept of fǎ, which is considered a law within Chinese tradition. The category of harmony is discussed in reference to music, as well as to nature and society.
PL
Tematem artykułu jest refleksja nad Norwidowskim dyskursem o Italii w kontekście jego narracji o Europie. Symboliczne usytuowanie Włoch na Norwidowskiej mapie wyobrażonej było wypadkową kilku perspektyw: opozycji Północ-Południe, osi Wschód-Zachód, kategorii centrum i peryferii, wiązało się także z uniwersalizującym spojrzeniem z perspektywy globalnej oraz temporalnej. Każda z tych perspektyw prowadziła ku innym zagadnieniom (antropologicznym, kulturowym, politycznym, ekonomicznym, cywilizacyjnym, estetycznym). We wczesnym okresie twórczości Norwida pozycję Italii wyznaczała głównie przynależność do przestrzeni Południa (akcent padał wówczas na jej właściwości klimatyczne, kulturowe i estetyczne). Z biegiem czasu pozycja Włoch coraz silniej zaznaczała się na osi Wschód-Zachód (związanej głównie z zagadnieniami cywilizacji i polityki). W wielu utworach Norwida Włochy stanowiły symboliczny środek świata (z obrazem Rzymu jako centrum chrześcijaństwa). Zdarzało się i tak, że były elementem pejzażu uniwersalnego. Ewolucję twórczości Norwida można zinterpretować jako nieustanne przezwyciężanie hegemonii jednej osi czy jednej perspektywy, a co za tym idzie, jako próbę wpisania obrazu Włoch w skomplikowany układ współrzędnych wyznaczających jego symboliczną mapę wyobrażoną.
EN
This article offers a reflection on Norwid’s discourse about Italy in the context of his narrative about Europe. The symbolic position of Italy on Norwid’s imagined map was a resultant of several perspectives: the North-South opposition, the East-West axis, the categories of centre and peripheries, and it was linked to the universal view from a global and temporal perspective. Each of these perspectives led to other issues (anthropological, cultural, political, economic, civilizational, aesthetic). In the early period of Norwid’s work, Italy’s position was mainly defined by its belonging to the South (at that time its climatic, cultural and aesthetic qualities were stressed). Over time, Italy’s position was increasingly marked on the East-West axis (related mainly to civilizational and political issues). In many of Norwid’s works, Italy was the symbolic centre of the world (with a picture of Rome as the centre of Christianity). Sometimes it was even part of a universal landscape. The evolution of Norwid’s work can be interpreted as the continuous overcoming of the hegemony of one axis or perspective, and consequently, as an attempt to inscribe the image of Italy onto an intricate system of coordinates representing his symbolic imagined map.
PL
Tematem artykułu jest refleksja nad Norwidowskim dyskursem o Italii w kontekście jego narracji o Europie. Symboliczne usytuowanie Włoch na Norwidowskiej mapie wyobrażonej było wypadkową kilku perspektyw: opozycji Północ-Południe, osi Wschód-Zachód, kategorii centrum i peryferii, wiązało się także z uniwersalizującym spojrzeniem z perspektywy globalnej oraz temporalnej. Każda z tych perspektyw prowadziła ku innym zagadnieniom (antropologicznym, kulturowym, politycznym, ekonomicznym, cywilizacyjnym, estetycznym). We wczesnym okresie twórczości Norwida pozycję Italii wyznaczała głównie przynależność do przestrzeni Południa (akcent padał wówczas na jej właściwości klimatyczne, kulturowe i estetyczne). Z biegiem czasu pozycja Włoch coraz silniej zaznaczała się na osi Wschód Zachód (związanej głównie z zagadnieniami cywilizacji i polityki). W wielu utworach Norwida Włochy stanowiły symboliczny środek świata (z obrazem Rzymu jako centrum chrześcijaństwa). Zdarzało się i tak, że były elementem pejzażu uniwersalnego. Ewolucję twórczości Norwida można zinterpretować jako nieustanne przezwyciężanie hegemonii jednej osi czy jednej perspektywy, a co za tym idzie, jako próbę wpisania obrazu Włoch w skomplikowany układ współrzędnych wyznaczających jego symboliczną mapę wyobrażoną.
EN
This article offers a reflection on Norwid’s discourse about Italy in the context of his narrative about Europe. The symbolic position of Italy on Norwid’s imagined map was a resultant of several perspectives: the North-South opposition, the East-West axis, the categories of centre and peripheries, and it was linked to the universal view from a global and temporal perspective. Each of these perspectives led to other issues (anthropological, cultural, political, economic, civilizational, aesthetic). In the early period of Norwid’s work, Italy’s position was mainly defined by its belonging to the South (at that time its climatic, cultural and aesthetic qualities were stressed). Over time, Italy’s position was increasingly marked on the East-West axis (related mainly to civilizational and political issues). In many of Norwid’s works, Italy was the symbolic centre of the world (with a picture of Rome as the centre of Christianity). Sometimes it was even part of a universal landscape. The evolution of Norwid’s work can be interpreted as the continuous overcoming of the hegemony of one axis or perspective, and consequently, as an attempt to inscribe the image of Italy onto an intricate system of coordinates representing his symbolic imagined map.
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