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Gospodarka realnego socjalizmu a światowy cykl koniunkturalny

100%
Kaliński J.
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
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2009
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vol. 235
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issue 10
71-81
EN
The demise of central planning in the former East bloc is a frequent topic of economic and political analyses. Kaliński’s article describes changes in the centrally planned economies of former Soviet satellite states in the context of market trends in capitalist economies. The analysis covers a period from the emergence of the Soviet Union until its breakup. The statistical analysis is accompanied by a discussion of the political and social environment of the time. The author notes that, in the initial period, there was no link between global business cycles and economic growth in the Soviet Union and other Soviet bloc countries. This was due to major political and economic differences and the far-reaching isolation of the region’s centrally planned economies, especially during the Cold War period. The partial opening of Central and Eastern Europe to commercial and financial cooperation with the West in the 1970s led a convergence between the capitalist and centrally planned systems. Negative trends in the global economy, including energy crises and growing indebtedness, had a strong impact on what happened in the Soviet bloc. This situation, coupled with the inefficiency and poor competitiveness of the centrally planned economy and its inability to meet consumer demand, became a significant factor behind the collapse of the system across Central and Eastern Europe, the author concludes.
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Február 1948 a civilná letecká doprava medzi Východom a Západom

67%
Švík P.
Soudobé dějiny (Contemporary History)
|
2020
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vol. 27
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issue 1
100-115
EN
The article examines the effect of the Communist coup d’état in Czechoslovakia in February 1948 on the development of commercial civil air transport between the East and the West. It revolves around the formulation and implementation of the US policy of so-called aerial containment in the early stage of the Cold War and its consequences for Czechoslovak Airlines (Československé aerolinie – ČSA) as the flag air carrier of Czechoslovakia. The author depicts the international expansion of Czechoslovak Airlines after the WWII, which reached not only to the West and also the north and southeast of Europe, but also to the Near and Middle East. It should be noted that the company had held, insofar as air connections to the West were concerned, the dominant position among states of the nascent East Bloc. When Czechoslovakia refused to join the Marshall Plan, and particularly when Communists usurped power over the country, the Americans blocked negotiations with Prague on the purchase of new aircraft and exerted diplomatic pressure on their allies to prevent Czechoslovak Airlines’ flights to strategic regions. With the Cold War escalating and also in reaction to some Western citizens having been arrested and sentenced in Czechoslovakia in the early 1950s, the Western Powers blocked overflights of Czechoslovak airplanes over their occupation zones in Germany and Austria, and thus practically shut down their connections behind the Iron Curtain. Between 1951 and 1955, Czechoslovak Airlines could operate just one connection outside the Eastern Bloc (to Scandinavia) and their role in connections to the West was partly taken over by the Polish national carrier LOT.
CS
Článek zkoumá vliv komunistického převratu v únoru 1948 v Československu na vývoj civilní letecké dopravy mezi Východem a Západem. Jeho těžiště je přitom položeno na formování a uskutečňování americké politiky takzvaného vzdušného zadržování (aeriel containment) v počátcích studené války a na jeho důsledky pro Československé aerolinie (ČSA) jako monopolního leteckého dopravce v Československu. Autor líčí mezinárodní expanzi Československých aerolinií po skončení druhé světové nejen na Západ, sever a jihovýchod Evropy, ale i na Blízký a Střední východ. Tato společnost přitom měla ve spojení se Západem v rámci vznikajícího východního bloku dominantní pozici. Poté co Československo odmítlo účast na Marshallově plánu, a zvláště poté co se vlády v zemi zmocnili komunisté, Američané zablokovali jednání s Prahou o nákupu nových letadel a vyvinuli diplomatický tlak na své spojenci, aby zamezili letům Československých aerolinií do strategických oblastí. Se stupňující se studenou válkou a také v reakci na zatčení a odsouzení některých západních občanů v Československu na počátku padesátých let západní mocnosti znemožnily průlety československých letadel přes jejich okupační zóny v Německu a Rakousku a fakticky tak téměř zrušily jejich spojení za železnou oponu. V letech 1951 až 1955 mohly Československé aerolinie udržovat jedinou linku mimo socialistický blok (do Skandinávie) a jejich roli ve spojení se Západem částečně převzala polská letecká společnost LOT.
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