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The prospect of digitization of Polish Archaeological Record on an example of materials from the turn of Bronze and Iron Age from the area of Pomeranian Voivodeship (Northern Poland)

100%
Niedziółka K.
Sprawozdania Archeologiczne
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2016
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vol. 68
121-144
EN
Polish Archaeological Record (AZP) is a unique research program initiated by Polish archaeologists in the second half of 1970s. The aim of this project is to mark on unitary maps (AZP sheets) all archaeological sites that were recorded during surface surveys along with sites known from the archives. The main purpose of this paper is to focus on perspective of future digitalization of AZP and technical issues linked with the problem. Therefore, a process of creation of digital sample dataset containing materials from the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age from selected AZP sheets from Pomeranian Voivodeship will be presented, together with brief depiction of past and present attempts in introducing GIS into AZP archives. This case will be also described on the background of national records of other European countries and their level of digitization.
2
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Średniowieczny dokument książęcy jako medium społecznej komunikacji na peryferiach łacińskiej Europy

100%
Gut A.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2021
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vol. 86
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issue 2
125-136
EN
In his book published in 2019, Sébastien Rossignol has inquired into medieval ducal charters issued in Silesia, Western Pomerania and Eastern Pomerania as a means of communication between the rulers and the ruled in the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries. The purpose of this discussion article is to assess the scholarly value of Rossignol’s publication and to engage in a discussion of his proposed research strategy. The very subject of the reviewed book is noteworthy, as it goes beyond the issues concerning the functioning of ducal chanceries and the charters they produced that researchers have taken up so far. Rossignol proposes to look at medieval charters issued by the Silesian and Pomeranian dukes in the context of how they functioned in the system of communication in medieval society. Thus, the subsequent chapters of his book analyse how the intitulation and the preamble influenced the recipients of the charter, as well as the visual rhetoric of medieval charters issued by the dukes of Silesia, Western and Eastern Pomerania. It is also worth noting that the comparative approach used by the author to present the analysed issues required him to select territories at a similar level of social, economic and political development and with a similar state of research on medieval diplomatics. However, this selection raises a number of questions due to the inclusion of Eastern Pomerania, which stands apart from the other two regions in this context, and due to the insufficient state of research on the visual rhetoric of charters issued in Silesia and Pomerania during the medieval period.
3
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Bałtycka strefa gospodarcza w badaniach Henryka Samsonowicza

84%
Myśliwski G.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2022
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vol. 87
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issue 4
39-67
EN
The article discusses long-term research made by a Polish outstanding historian Henryk Samsonowicz (1930–2021) on the Baltic economic zone. The publication is divided into three parts. The first part presents the historiographical tradition in which Samsonowicz’s research was embedded, as well as the research background that was contemporary with him. The second part features a chronological description of the historian’s findings, with a particular focus on the subject matter undertaken by Samsonowicz as well as the intensity of the research and its place in the broad spectrum of his interests. It has been established that the research on the economy of the Baltic zone in the period from the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries was an important area of Samsonowicz’s output. Samsonowicz conducted his research on the issue from the mid-1950s to the 2010s, although his interests greatly expanded from the late 1960s and early 1970s. He particularly focused on the issues of long-distance trade, financial turnover, institutions and the socio-cultural context of economic life in the Baltic Sea basin. The third part of the article presents Samsonowicz’s theoretical and historical reflections on the theory of large economic zones, including the Baltic region, which he shared with Antoni Mączak. It provides an analysis of the findings on the changing composition and boundaries of the Baltic zone, and a comparison of Samsonowicz’s theory with Marian Małowist’s concept of dividing the economic space of Central and Eastern Europe. The article highlights Samsonowicz’s ability to combine the analysis of details and his synthetic approach to the issues under study, not only with regard to the Baltic Sea region, but entire Europe north of the Alps.
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Miecze średniowieczne z Pomorza Wschodniego

67%
Świętosławski W.
Pomorania Antiqua
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2019
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vol. Tom XXVIII
s. 153-182
EN
Few medieval swords have been found in Eastern Pomerania, in comparison with other areas of the old Polish state. No sword has been found which dates to the earlier part of the Middle Ages. The 6 oldest swords, dated to the 11th and 12th centuries, were discovered in graves. Some are beautifully decorated. Suggestions about where they were produced are not convincing. Analogies are known from Western Europe, Scandinavia and the Baltic states, which were inhabited in the early Middle Ages by the Prussians. 5 swords from the 13th to the 15th centuries are random finds. Two of them bear the mark of a "running wolf". On one there is an inscription which has been differently read by different researchers. There is no analogy so far. Also discovered were 5 scabbard chapes. In three cases the technology employed in producing these swords was examined. One of them turned out to be a 19th century copy. The two authentic ones were made by bonding soft and hard iron rods. Finds of swords are concentrated in three parts of Eastern Pomerania, the three most important regions of settlement in this part of Poland.
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Aktywizacja polityczna społeczeństwa Pomorza Nadwiślańskiego w wyborach do Reichstagu 1871–1914

67%
Wierzchosławski S.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2018
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vol. 83
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issue 3
83-115
EN
The publication constitutes an analysis of the activation of Poles – citizens of the Kingdom of Prussia and the German Empire residing in the province of West Prussia (Eastern Pomerania) in the elections to the German parliament (Reichstag) in the 19th century (until 1914). On the one hand, it was demonstrated that every contemporary citizen of the German state had equal rights irrespective of their nationality; on the other hand, the author presented the process of shaping the national consciousness of Poles using the law to organize a network of their own electoral committees and elect their Polish representatives to the legislative institutions of that state, in the national rivalry with the German society in Eastern Pomerania. Statistically, a successive increase in activation in this area and its specific results in particular electoral districts were presented, depending not only on nationality statistics, but also on the organization of the electoral campaign and the level of the increasing social, national and political awareness. The article presents the organizational manifestations of the national independence of the Polish society of Eastern Pomerania, which was one of the basic factors justifying the inclusion of this region within the boundaries of the reborn Polish state.
DE
Die Publikation ist eine Analyse der Aktivierung der Polen im 19. Jahrhundert (bis 1914), der Bürger des Königreichs Preußen und des Deutschen Kaiserreichs, die in der Provinz Westpreußen (Pomorze Nadwiślańskie) wohnten, bei den Wahlen zum deutschen Parlament (Reichstag). Einerseits wird klar aufgezeigt, dass jeder damalige Bürger des deutschen Staats unabhängig von der Nationalität die gleichen Rechte hatte, andererseits wird jedoch der Prozess vorgestellt, bei dem sich das Nationalbewusstsein der Polen herausbildete, die dieses Recht ausnutzten, um ein Netz von eigenen Wahlkomitees und die Wahl von eigenen, polnischen Vertretern in die legislativen Institutionen dieses Staates zu organisieren, in nationaler Rivalität mit der deutschen Bevölkerung auf dem Gebiet von Weichselpommern. Aufgrund von Statistiken werden das langsame Wachstum der Aktivierung in diesem Zeitraum und seine konkreten Ergebnisse in den einzelen Wahlkreisen aufgezeigt, nicht nur in Abhängigkeit von der Nationalitäten-Statistik, sondern auch von Organisation der Wahlaktion und dem Niveau des wachsenden sozialen, nationalen und politischen Bewusstseins. Der Artikel zeigt den organisatorischen Ausdruck der nationalen Selbstständigkeit der polnischen Bevölkerung von Weichselpommern, die eine der wesentlichen Trümpfe darstellte, mit denen sich die Einfügung dieser Region in die Grenzen des wiedererstandenen polnischen Staats begründen ließ.
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Pommern und Pommerellen in der Zeit Swantopolks Von Danzig (bis 1266)

51%
Smoliński M.
Studia Maritima
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2019
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vol. 32
89-125
EN
In the 13th century, Pomerania was divided between two princely houses. The western part of the region was ruled by princes from the Griffin dynasty. In the most recent source litera- ture, a claim has been made that members of this house also ruled the Land of Sławno from the second half of the thirties or until the early forties of the thirteenth century. It is therefore difficult to prove that their power also stretched as far as the Land of Słupsk. The Land of Sławno was also under ecclesial, and later feudal jurisdiction of the bishops of Kamień. In Eastern Pomerania, the Samborides (Polish: Sobiesławice), as they are called in source lit- erature, were the ruling house. For a long time they held the office of Pomeranian governors on behalf of the Piast dynasty. This situation was changed by Swietopelk II – the Duke of Gdansk, who in 1227 secured the region’s independence from Poland. Initially, the duke and the rulers of West Pomerania had good relations. Mutual good will was guaranteed by the marriage of Swietopelk’s sister Miroslawa and Prince Bogislaw II of West Pomerania. Out of this matrimony, Barnim I was born, who in the described period, together with his cousin Wartislaw III, shaped the policy of the West Pomeranian principalities. Both Griffins had to hold ground against Swietopelk’s aggressive eastbound expansion and respond to his occupation of the Land of Słupsk (taken from the Danes between 1225 and 1227), and then to the occupation of the Land of Sławno (before 1240). The House of Griffin was supported by the bishops of Kamień, of whom Herman von Gleichen was the most prominent. Howev- er, after many lost battles against Swietopelk, in the sixties of the 13th century, the Bishop of Kamień had to reach an agreement with the Gdańsk ruler. Little is known whether he made peace with Barnim I (ruling all Western Pomerania after the death of Wartislaw III) while Swietopelk was still alive. It is significant in this regard that Barnim I held talks with Swietopelk’s son Mestwin II in 1264, during the rebellion of the eldest sons of the Gdańsk ruler.
DE
Im 13. Jahrhundert teilten sich zwei Herzogsgeschlechter die Herrschaft über die pommer- schen Gebiete. Im Westen (Pommern) herrschten die sogenannten Greifenherzöge. Die neu- este Forschungsliteratur ist davon überzeugt, dass Vertreter dieses Geschlechts ab Mitte der 1230er Jahre oder bis zum Beginn der 1240er Jahre auch im Schlawer Land herrschten. Es ist dabei schwer nachzuweisen, ob sich ihr Herrschaftsgebiet bis ins Stolper Land erstreckte. Das Schlawer Land unterstand zudem der kirchenrechtlichen und später landesherrlichen Hoheit der Bischöfe von Cammin. Im Osten (Pommerellen) herrschte das Geschlecht der Samboriden, lange Zeit als Statthalter der Piastenherrscher. Swantopolk von Danzig änderte dies, indem er 1227 die Unabhängig- keit von Polen erlangte. Swantopolk pflegte anfangs gute Beziehungen zu den Greifenherr- schern, die durch die Ehe zwischen seiner Schwester Miroslawa und dem Pommernherzog Bogislaw II. gefestigt wurden. Aus dieser Verbindung ging Herzog Barnim I. hervor, der in dem hier behandelten Zeitabschnitt gemeinsam mit seinem Cousin Wartislaw III. die Politik in Pommern gestaltete. Beide Greifenherrscher mussten auf die nach Westen gerich- tete Expansionspolitik Swantopolks reagieren und sich zu seiner Landnahme zunächst im Stolper Land (von den Dänen zwischen 1225 und 1227) sowie später im Schlawer Land (vor 1240) positionieren. Vor diesem Hintergrund kam es ab 1253 regelmäßig zu Kämpfen zwi- schen den Herrschern in Pommern und Pommerellen. Die Camminer Bischöfe, insbeson- dere Hermann von Gleichen, unterstützten die Greifenherzöge. Die Niederlagen im Kampf gegen Swantopolk von Danzig veranlassten den Camminer Bischof jedoch bereits in den 1260er Jahren dazu, mit diesem ein Abkommen zu schließen. Wir wissen allerdings nicht, ob Swantopolk von Danzig noch zu Lebzeiten Frieden schloss mit Barnim I., der nach dem Tod Wartislaws III. über ganz Pommern herrschte. In diesem Zusammenhang scheint es von Bedeutung, dass 1264, als Swantopolks ältester Sohn Mestwin II. sich gegen seinen Vater erhoben hatte, Gespräche zwischen Mestwin II. und Barnim I. stattfanden.
PL
W XIII w. obszar Pomorza był podzielony pomiędzy dwie dynastie książęce. Zachodnią częścią regionu władali książęta z dynastii określanej jako gryficka. W najnowszej litera- turze przedmiotu istnieje przekonanie, że członkowie tej dynastii rządzili także od drugiej połowy lat trzydziestych XIII w. albo do początku lat czterdziestych tegoż wieku w ziemi sławieńskiej. Trudno przy tym wykazać, że ich władza sięgała też ziemi słupskiej. Ziemi sła- wieńskiej sięgała też kościelna, a potem również feudalna obediencja biskupów kamieńskich. We wschodniej części Pomorza rządy sprawowali dynaści nazywani w literaturze przedmiotu Sobiesławicami. Przez długi czas sprawowali oni urzędy namiestników pomorskich z ramienia piastowskiego. Sytuację tę zmienił Świętopełk gdański, zdobywając w 1227 r. niezależność od Polski. Księcia gdańskiego z władcami Pomorza Zachodniego początkowo łączyły dobre relacje. Ich gwarantem było małżeństwo siostry Świętopełka Mirosławy z księ- ciem zachodniopomorskim Bogusławem II. Owocem tego związku był książę Barnim I, który w interesującym nas okresie, wraz ze swoim kuzynem Warcisławem III, kształtowali politykę księstw zachodniopomorskich. Obaj Gryfici musieli odpowiedzieć na zaborczość w polityce zachodniej Świętopełka i ustosunkować się najpierw do zajęcia przez niego ziemi słupskiej (na Duńczykach między 1225 a 1227 r.), a potem do opanowania ziemi sławieńskiej (przed 1240 r.). Na tym tle cyklicznie od 1253 r. dochodziło do walk pomiędzy władcami obu części Pomorza. Gryfici w swych dążeniach byli wspierani przez biskupów kamień- skich, zwłaszcza Hermana von Gleichena. Jednak niepowodzenia w walkach ze Świętopeł- kiem skłoniły już w latach sześćdziesiątych XIII w. biskupa kamieńskiego do porozumienia z władcą gdańskim. Nie wiadomo przy tym, czy do końca życia Świętopełka gdańskiego zawarł on pokój z Barnimem I (rządzącym całym Pomorzem Zachodnim po śmierci War- cisława III). Znamiennym w tym względzie zdaje się być fakt rozmów prowadzonych przez Barnima I z synem Świętopełka Mściwojem II w 1264 r., w dobie buntu najstarszego z synów władcy gdańskiego.
7
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Znaczenie konfesji katolickiej w utrzymaniu polskości na Kaszubach na przełomie XIX i XX wieku

43%
Krawiec-Złotkowska K.
Studia z Geografii Politycznej i Historycznej
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2018
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vol. 7
207-231
EN
The study discusses issues concerning the historical boundaries of Kashubia and the relations of their inhabitants with the Catholic church. The author attempted to determine whether the confession had an impact on the preservation of Polishness in this specific area. For Kashubians are a region of Poland in which the Kashubian and Polish traditions (including religious ones) are cultivated as equivalent. Based on historical and linguistic studies as well as selected literary texts, it can be assumed that the Kashubian people, thanks to belonging to the Catholic church, did not get Germanized, as was the case in the Pomeranian region, dominated in the nineteenth century by Protestantism.
PL
W studium zostały omówione zagadnienia dotyczące granic historycznych Kaszub i związków ich mieszkańców z Kościołem katolickim. Autorka podjęła próbę ustalenia, czy konfesja miała wpływ na utrzymanie polskości na tym specyficznym terenie. Kaszuby są bowiem regionem Polski, w którym tradycje kaszubskie i polskie (w tym również religijne) kultywuje się jako równoważne. Opierając się na opracowaniach historycznych i językoznawczych oraz wybranych tekstach literackich, można założyć, że naród kaszubski dzięki przynależności do Kościoła katolickiego nie uległ germanizacji, jak to miało miejsce na ziemi pomorskiej, zdominowanej w XIX w. przez protestantyzm.
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