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EN
Southeast Asian economies have already gone a long way of development. Firstly, they have survived a period of economic miracle, which de facto was not a miracle, but based on good macroeconomic policy and strong foundations, such as high interest rate and macroeconomic stability. Secondly, the economies have experienced deep crisis, which has proven that good policies are not sufficient condition for development. Apart of them economy needs good, mature institutions and management. Reforming those institutions as well as political reforms is especially important, if countries open politically as well as their economies. Reforms with parallel process of transforming countries towards democracy, and sometimes still decentralization is a great challenge for them. Thirdly, dynamic development of the Chinese and Indian economies has constrained other countries and those being members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) as well, to certain adjustments. ASEAN countries represent different development levels, what significantly determines their future aims and policies as well as their advances in the world and region’s society. The article answers three important questions connected with further development of the ASEAN countries: 1. Are the ASEAN countries able to avoid internal disintegration while growing intolerance for deepening disparities in the societies of individual countries, increase in pollution and corruption? 2. Are the ASEAN countries going to profit on the success of China and India, or, maybe opposite, is it going to be additional competitive struggle in international markets? 3. Will the regional integration help in raising the economic effectiveness, or is it to cause external shocks in individual economies?
EN
The objective of the article is to evaluate the role of the regulation of international space law for the realization of international economic and social development. Aiming for that, a logical-deductive methodology was used, through bibliographic research to map relevant issues about the spatial infrastructure and the current understanding of social economic development. In this sense, the study was carried out through its development in three parts: first the mapping of international space law to demonstrate the progress of investments and activities that are carried out around the space infrastructure; in a second step, the interaction between economic and social development and brief economic discussions about the market and state action are analyzed; finally, it deals with the importance of regulation on space exploration as a promotion mechanism for international economic and social development. It was concluded that there are private and public actors in this exploratory market and their actions must occur together, as they often occur within countries, aiming to promote economic development as freedom, and that the State’s action must be guided by the regulation of space infrastructure; this regulation must aim at economic and social development in a way that is compatible with Amartya Sen’s theory.
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EN
Migration is a phenomenon that has been present in many countries during their stages of development. Albania as a developing country is still facing migration in recent years. Since this phenomenon has resulted in obvious effects, researchers have dedicated a lot of work in relation to the impact in the countries’ development. The aim of the paper is to analyze the phenomenon of migration in Albania, its characteristics and its effects on the economy. A brief description of the migration stages and the related causes is provided at the beginning. Then, there are some data on migration in Albania today. The paper follows the link of migration with economic development. In short-term migration has a positive effect on the economy, impacts through remittances help alleviate poverty, but in long run, migrants create families in countries where they have migrated, resulting in a decline in remittances. Migration, Albania, Remittances, Poverty, Economic Development, Brain drain Streszczenie Migracja jest zjawiskiem występującym w wielu krajach podczas ich rozwoju. Albania jako kraj rozwijający się wciąż zmaga się z migracją w ostatnich latach. Ponieważ zjawisko to przyniosło oczywiste efekty, naukowcy poświęcili wiele pracy w związku z wpływem migracji na rozwój. Celem artykułu jest analiza zjawiska migracji w Albanii, jego cech i wpływu na gospodarkę. Krótki opis etapów migracji i powiązanych przyczyn znajduje się na początku artykułu. Następnie podano dane dotyczące migracji w Albanii na dzień dzisiejszy. W dalszej części artykułu przedstawiono powiązanie migracji z rozwojem gospodarczym. Migracja krótkoterminowa ma pozytywny wpływ na gospodarkę, jej wpływ poprzez przekazy pieniężne pomaga zmniejszyć ubóstwo, ale na dłuższą metę migranci tworzą rodziny w krajach do których wyemigrowali, a to skutkuje spadkiem przekazów pieniężnych. Migracja, Albania, Przelewy, Ubóstwo, Rozwój gospodarczy, Drenaż mózgów
PL
Artykuł opisuje problem zanieczyszczenia środowiska we współczesnym świecie jako efekt uboczny rozwoju gospodarczego. Głównym celem artykułu jest prezentacja dwóch teorii politycznych z zakresu ochrony środowiska – Green Political Theory i environmentalism, oraz modernizacji ekologicznej jako możliwości kierowanego przez państwo, kompleksowego rozwiązania problemu ochrony środowiska w procesie rozwoju. Wskazana jest rola kontekstu dla zastosowania wspomnianych teorii, co wykazano na przykładzie USA, Niemiec, Norwegii, Wielkiej Brytanii, państw socjalistycznych, Polski i Unii Europejskiej. Ponadto artykuł zawiera krótką analizę stylów prowadzenia polityki środowiskowej – ekocentryzmu, technocentryzmu, ekoliberalizmu i ekokolektywizmu.
EN
The following article shows the problem of environmental pollution in contemporary world as an side-effect of economic development. The main aim of the article is to present two political theories of an environmental protection extend – Green Political Theory and environmentalism and ecological modernization as a possibility of solution for the environmental protection problem in the process of development. Action is complex and guided by the state. The role of context is pointed out, which is proved on the example of USA, Germany, Norway, Great Britain, socialist states, Poland and European Union. Additionally, article analyses the directions of environmental policies – ecocentrism, technocentrism, ecoliberalism and ecocollectivism.
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