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EN
Progressing liberalization and electricity market development in Poland results increase of competitiveness. The new products being offered to customers are increasingly more complex and sophisticated. Accordingly, it requires a challenge for both portfolio and risk management skills. Considering market risk peculiarity within the frame of energy market as well as lack of energy derivatives market - including options contracts, position's hedging becomes very difficult. Hedging efficiency determines risk exposure and furthermore risk capital demand. Dynamic hedging approach described in this paper has been focused especially on short position in call option, written as a compliment - additional value for customer. The main purpose of presented approach is to provide stable enough financial performance and adequate risk's yield premium.
EN
Poland is one of the countries with an evenly spaced settlement grid. District heating systems that are placed in over 300 towns in Poland create the possibility of biomass usage in a distributed generation system. The needs of distributed generation are to be satiated using all kinds of lignocellulosic wastes, manure, as well as energy crops processed into wood chips. To ensure that the usage of biomass would be financially justified it is essential to decrease the distances between the places producing raw materials and the heat generating plants.
EN
The objective of the paper is to analyse the system of prosumer energetics support in Poland. The system has been functioning since 2013 based on the regulations provided by the revised Energy Law. The purpose of the study is to present the essence of prosumer energetics and also the identification and synthetic characteristics of basic administrative and financial as well as economic and financial instruments stimulating the development of micro-installations of dispersed generation taking advantage of renewable energy sources. A lot of space was devoted, in particular, to the characteristics of feed-in tariffs and the "Prosumer" priority programme initiated by the National Fund for Environment Protection and Water Management.
EN
Today, electricity is an important factor which ensure socio-economic development and improving the quality of society's life. It's hard to imagine the functioning households without electricity. The individual consumer, as the recipient of consuming electricity in the household must be treated in a special way and must be protected by law. We can see a trend occurring in all countries of the European Union to create instruments to protect individual customers. Energy law uses the new concept recipient acquiring power in the household. The new regulation of the Energy Law creates special protection of consumer rights. It introduces rules: concerning termination of contracts, the disclosure requirements of entrepreneurs energy and the specific rules for dealing with complaints. The legislature in order to protect the consumer has introduced the document constituting a compendium of knowledge about these powers - Collection of Consumer Rights. The energy market is unique, many of the concepts contained in consumer contracts - recipients have a technical nature, so was therefore necessary legislative interference in the consumer's rights.
PL
Celem pracy jest przeprowadzenie analizy porównawczej ryzyka zmiany ceny oraz wolumenu obrotu na rynku energii elektrycznej oraz rynku gazu prowadzonych przez Towarową Giełdę Energii. W pracy została przeprowadzona analiza rozkładów stóp zwrotu z omawianych rynków, na podstawie której zaproponowano miary estymacji ryzyka. Na bazie oszacowanego ryzyka zostanie przeprowadzona analiza porównawcza poziomu ryzyka na poszczególnych rynkach.
EN
The aim of this paper is to carry out a comparative risk analysis of price and volume changes between electric energy contract prices and natural gas contracts quoted on Polish Power Exchange. On both markets prices are quoted continuously, and in fixings. In this paper the distribution of rates of return from both markets is analyzed. Based on this analysis, measures for estimating risk of price changes are proposed.
EN
The ongoing, dynamic development of civilization is associated with the growing demand for energy. The use of traditional energy sources such as coal, oil and natural gas is not only associated with an increase in environmental pollution, but also causes the depletion of natural resources. Renewable sources of energy are an alternative to non-renewable energy sources such as fossil fuels. The energy from renewable sources in Poland includes the energy from direct using solar radiation, wind, geothermal stores (from the inside of the earth), water and energy generated from solid biomass, biogas and liquid biofuels. The main objective of this article is to assess the changes occurring in the market of renewable energy in Poland. The changes in the structure of obtaining energy from renewable sources in Poland will be discussed and the linear ordering of countries according to the proportion of energy from renewable sources in total electricity production will be conducted on the basis of available data. The paper presents also the structure of production of electricity from renewable energy sources in Poland compared to other European Union countries.
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