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EN
Money is a widely accepted commodity allowing to determine the economic value of purchased goods and services and to make payments. Over the centuries, "money" has been constantly evolving. In recent times, following dynamic development of various forms of e-business, dematerialized money has emerged. However, in constantly changing conditions it is very difficult to grasp the essence of the so called e-money or cryptocurrencies. The paper tries to define Bitcoin, one of the most recognizable cryptocurrencies, and answer the question whether investing in cryptocurrencies is a serious business or a mere gambling. In search for the answers, the author reviews literature on the topic and conducts his own risk analysis based on Value at Risk measure, of selected traditional currencies and Bitcoin. The results of the analysis unambiguously show that investments in Bitcoin are burdened with definitely much higher risk. Furthermore, conclusions of the considerations clearly show that despite growing popularity of cryptocurrencies they do not fulfill the definition of both electronic money or money in general. The paper attempts to discuss selected issues related to Bitcoin cryptocurrencies from the monetary point of view but also with respect to restrictions of Bitcoin as a means of payment, investments in Bitcoin and risk assessment.
EN
The EU regulations concerning electronic money evolved heavily since the beginning of 21st century. The first e-money directive (EMD) was largely unsuccessful as an attempt to regulate this market, partly because of the unclear definition of the phenomenon. The second directive (EMD2) gives more freedom to the market participants and lowers the barriers of entry. Poland still has not fully harmonised its internal rules with the EMD2. It affected negatively the development of electronic money in Poland, forcing the institutions to choose other forms of activity. The expected changes in e-money regulations will form an impulse to the development of electronic money systems. The local entities however will face strong competition from outside the country and will have to find their own market niches. The most lucrative e-commerce niches are already occupied by large multinational schemes, so the most successful way to win the market will be based on innovation.
PL
Pieniądz, choć podlega nieustannym przemianom nadającym mu coraz to bardziej umowny charakter, nieprzerwanie stanowi ważny element gospodarki od momentu pojawienia się monet w VII w. p.n.e. w starożytnej Grecji. W artykule omówiono przykłady różnych form pieniądza, występujących w gospodarce na przestrzeni dziejów: pieniądza towarowego, papierowego oraz wirtualnego. Celem tej analizy jest przedstawienie podobieństw i różnic pomiędzy poszczególnymi formami pieniężnymi oraz wskazanie ich mocnych i słabych stron. W ten sposób pokrótce zaprezentowano przebieg procesu dematerializacji pieniądza, od momentu wyłonienia się pieniądza towarowego z wymiany barterowej aż do współczesnych walut wirtualnych.
EN
Money has been an important part of economy since the appearance of coin money in the 7th centrury BC. However, before implementing coin money, there were numerous forms of money existing in different civilisations in early stage of development. This paper discusses few examples of commodity, paper and virtual money so as to find similarities and dissimilarities in applied forms of money. Furthermore, the article provides a brief comparison of disadvantages of all presented forms of money which finally lead to the development of a new, more sophisticated kind of money. As a result, virtual currencies have become a part of the contemporary economics.
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