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1

The Historical Grounds of the Turkish Women’s Movement

100%
Merçil I., Senemoğl O.
Human and Social Studies
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2014
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vol. 3
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issue 1
13-27
EN
In this article the authors would like to present a history of the Turkish feminist movement. The roots of the feminist movement go back to the last decades of Ottoman Empire in Turkey when westernisation had started to take place. During the firts decade of the Republic many steps were taken to enable women to get involved in public, political and professional life and to encourage more equality in family matters. Women’s emancipation became a significant symbol of modernity. Kemalist reforms attemted to create a new woman who could take place in public sphere with the men. During the 1970’s the movement of women almost disappeared in nationalist and socialist movements. After the military intervention in 1980 new female actors (such as Islamist, Kurdish, Alevite) started to present new demands and change the nature of feminist movement in Turkey.
2
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THE CONFRONTATION OF EDUCATION AND CUSTOMARY LAW AT SCHOOL: THE CASE OF ROMA GIRLS

100%
ŽEMAITĖLYTĖ-IVANAVIČĖ I.
Journal of Education Culture and Society
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2020
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vol. 11
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issue 2
68-81
EN
Aim. The main goal of the article is to generalise and describe the aspects revealed during the ethnographic research conducted in 2018 that are related to the gender of Roma girls, as representatives of ethnic group, which have influence on the process of education in the context of school community. Concept. During the ethnographic research conducted in one of the schools in Lithuania in 2018, the fragments of Romani customary law were revealed, which are directly related to the female gender and show how belonging to a certain gender can have impact on the process of education at school. The Roma students were observed in their daily learning and communication environment, i.e. at school. The ethnographic research helped to reveal the ways a Roma school student thinks (interview method) and behaves (observation method) in a basic school. The present research was based on anthropological methodology (Okely, 2002; Bhopal & Myers, 2008; Durst, 2010) and mainly focused on one case-study. Conclusion. The Roma girls in the research acknowledged that life of Roma men is easier and that a heavy burden is placed on the shoulders of girls, what often hinders their successful learning. The burden mentioned by the Roma girls is related to responsibilities in housework and family. She is accompanied by the pressure of community to start a family early: to get married and to give birth to children and, thus, to emphasise and confirm own belonging to this ethnic group and continuation of traditions. The situation is exacerbated by the stereotypes in society and the Roma community, which in most cases are ruthless towards Roma girls and women. Cognitive value. The patriarchate, as the basis of Romani culture, and the unwritten customary law accompanying it frequently become a source of ambiguity. The Roma people, as an ethic group, draw a very distinct boundary between the understanding of "we" and "they", i.e. "the Roma people" and "gadje". Being a non-Roma researcher, i.e. gadje, one faces a difficult challenge - not to make mistakes interpreting various aspects of Romani culture, especially such sensitive ones as gender, gender roles and inequality. However, it becomes easier evaluating indisputable facts: the Romani customary law has influence on the process of their children's education. Roma children (girls in particular) still abandon the system of education too early (from our, gadje, perspective). EU documents (European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights [FRA], 2014) indicate that more Roma girls than boys indicate the fact of marriage or pregnancy to be the reason for early school leaving. The academic discourse, feminist anthropology allows for particularly critical evaluation of processes.
3
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Misoginism. Femme fatale. Androgyne - despre creatiile feminine în proza lui Mateiu Caragiale

100%
Kornas-Warwas J.
Studia Romanica Posnaniensia
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2008
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vol. 35
35-47
EN
The article tells about the female characters in Mateiu Caragiale's literary work and tries to depict the characteristics of modern prose in 1930s that reflect the tendencies concentrated on the idea of „battle of the sexes". The emancipation and the changing role of women in the society led to the phenomenon of misogyny, while the image of femme fatale became a popular literary theme. On the other hand there existed the archetype of Androgyne that become a perfect incarnation of both sexes. All these aspects mentioned above found a reflection in Mateiu Caragiale's novel „Craii de Curtea Veche" proving the universal character of his work.
4

“Female Issue”. Polemics about Working Women in the Kingdom of Poland in the Period after the Suppression of the January Uprising (1864) and the Outbreak of the Great War (1914)

88%
Dobkowska-Kubacka J.
West Bohemian Historical Review
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2018
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vol. 8
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issue 2
185-198
EN
Women’s right to work or, more widely, challenging the established social role of women was not a brand-new topic in the Kingdom of Poland during the 1860s. It had been discussed before on the public forum. However, after the fiasco of the January Uprising (1864), those issues were vigorously discussed in press polemics. It mostly emerged due to altered social and economic conditions. On the one hand, the Polish community learned about the development of the women emancipation movement in Western Europe and the United States, on the other hand, much of the gentry went bankrupt being unable to bear the post-Uprising repressions. Many women from that milieu had to face the necessity of earning their living. That issue was addressed in the press at the time and, considering the frequency of such publications and their tenor, it must have sparked many emotions. This article discusses solutions proposed by both those who supported progress and attempted to add new occupations to the women’s labour market and to help women with reformed education, and by defenders of traditional values. The latter protested the very idea of women working out of home as an affront to that gender’s calling – being a wife and a mother. They were not only concerned that work might prejudice women’s ability to take care of home or children, but the fact of eroding the traditional social order in which men were destined to the public sphere while women should reduce their ambitions to the private, domestic sphere. Accordingly, in the second half of the 19th century, we can perceive that the Polish press of that time tended to add more value to work done by women at home. Attempts were made to present it as a mission, not only on the home but also the social front. They tried to turn it into a science by proposing a new branch of science called the “national economy of women”. Another argument raised by those against the emancipation of women was the inherent “nature” of women who were allegedly predisposed to those tasks that are related to the role of wife, mother, housekeeper, to the exclusion of everything else. There was also a “compromise” option that if some women are forced to work because of unhappy wheels of fortune, they should choose jobs that would benefit from female characteristics such as compassion and taking care of details. However, the emotional nature, so typical of women, allegedly affected their view of the world and prevented them from working in such fields where objectivity was essential (medicine, law).
5
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Emancipation through education: Views on the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

87%
Mazurek K., Winzer M.
Interdyscyplinarne Konteksty Pedagogiki Specjalnej
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2015
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issue 10
201-213
PL
The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) is the eighth human rights convention enacted by the United Nations. Coming into force in 2008, it is the first international instrument specifically directed toward persons with disabilities. In its articulation of a clear and comprehensive mandate for the elimination of stig-ma and discrimination, it appeared to be a promising vehicle for the emancipation and empowerment of persons with disabilities. As of July 2015 there are 157 ratifica-tions, of which the great majority are developing countries. In this paper we exam-ine the CRPD within the context, and as part of, a larger and very significant global social-ideological orientation: the international movement for inclusive schooling. As inclusion is increasingly embraced around the world, it is important for educa-tors to understand how this major human rights convention is linked to and inter sects with the quest for inclusive schooling. Our analysis reveals that there are in-herent tensions and dialectical contradictions between the broad ideals of the inclusion movement and the more focused priorities of the CRPD. As a result, de-spite grand hopes and elaborate plans, progress of the CRPD has been disappoint-ing. The CRPD is not playing a significant role in inclusive policy making at any level. Very few nations have translated the principles into effective action. Indeed, few countries at present even have the capacity needed to ensure full implementa-tion of the treaty, and the international pattern documents a disconnect between emancipatory rhetoric and measurable outcomes. To date, it appears that the CRPD has done little to materially and educationally improve the prospects of those with disabilities.
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The Situation of Women of a Refugee and Immigrant Background in the Netherlands

63%
Gul-Rechlewicz V.
Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs
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2021
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vol. 25
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issue 3
59-82
EN
The problem of discrimination and unequal treatment of women from culturally diverse backgrounds affects countries such as the Netherlands. The centuries of tolerance and openness to an “alien” seem to be ending. This is evidenced by numerous reports and scientific studies, statements from specialists, and experts on the issues of immigrant integration. Increasingly, feeling marginalised and deprived of development opportunities, immigrant or refugee women come to the fore. Some of them (those remaining in isolation) are represented by aid organisations, i.e. foundations, associations, volunteer groups, and the municipalities themselves. This article covers the existing issue of the increasing number of refugees and immigrants in the Netherlands, especially refugee and immigrant women towards whom, according to specialists, integration policy should be redefined.
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Wenn sich eine Frau in der Männerdomäne durchsetzt – Magdalena Heymair und ihre Publikationsaktivitäten

63%
Lichnerová L.
Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi
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2022
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vol. 16
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issue 3
319-337
DE
Der Artikel widmet die Aufmerksamkeit der Schriftstellerin, Autorin evangelischer Liederbücher, Pädagogin und Lehrerin des 16. Jahrhunderts, Magdalena Heymair, die ursprünglich aus Deutschland stammte, durch die Lebensumstände aber gezwungen war, in mehreren Orten Deutschlands, Österreichs und schließlich der Slowakei zu wirken. Zu Beginn des Artikels charakterisiert die Autorin kurz die Position der Frau im 16. Jahrhundert, die nach und nach männliche Stereotype überwand, wodurch es auch Frauen möglich war, sich in verschiedenen Berufen durchzusetzen. Der Artikel zeichnet das Bild einer Frau, die sich nicht nur in den Männerberufen durchsetzen konnte, sondern die durch ihre schriftstellerische Tätigkeit eine wichtige Frauenrolle im Reformprozess bewies. Darüber hinaus konzentriert sich die Autorin auf das Leben und insbesondere das Wirken und den Beitrag M. Heymairs zur Entwicklung des evangelischen Religionsunterrichts und skizziert den Zeitrahmen von der Schöpfung der Manuskripte bis zu ihren gedruckten Ausgaben und Nachdrucken in mehreren Städten und Verlagen Europas.
EN
The article is dedicated to the writer, author of the evangelical songbooks, pedagogue and teacher of the 16th century, Magdalena Heymair, who came from Germany, but her life events forced her to work in several places in Germany, Austria as well as in Slovakia. At the beginning of the article, the author characterizes the position of the woman in the 16th century, which gradually broken down the male stereotypes and also enabled women to practice the male professions. The article shows the image of a woman who not only managed to establish herself in the male professions, but through her publishing activities also played an important role in the reform process. Therefore, the author focuses on the life and especially the work and contribution of M. Heymair to the development of evangelical education and sketches the time frame from the creation of Heymair's manuscripts to their printed editions in various cities and publishing houses in Europe.
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