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Artykuł zawiera oryginalną propozycję metody oceny nasilenia asymetrii rozkładów obserwacji statystycznych. Opiera się ona bezpośrednio na definicji centralnej symetrii względem punktu. Jej główną zaletą jest precyzja rezultatów — w przeciwieństwie do popularnie stosowanych wskaźników rozstrzyga ona jednoznacznie, czy zachodzi symetria rozkładu, czy też nie. Ponadto daje się ona łatwo uogólnić na przypadek wielowymiarowy (w którym zbiór danych postrzegany jest jako integralna całość), umożliwiając także wyznaczenie kierunku ewentualnej asymetrii w tej skomplikowanej sytuacji. Rozważania zilustrowano empiryczną analizą skośności zestawu cech opisujących sytuację transportu i łączności w województwach polskich w 2004 r. (abstrakt oryginalny)
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The author presents the changes that have taken place in the period of 2001-2005 in the network of shops in Poland. Using data of the Central Statistical Office, she carried out an analysis of changes in the number of shops (including growth in the number of large trade outlets) as well as in the branch structure of shops. The results of research of the Institute of Home Market and Consumption, carried out in mid - 2006 amongst representatives of retailing enterprises, served for presentation of the changes under way in organisation of retail trade having in mind entry of integration processes in retailing into a new, higher stage of development. (original abstract)
EN
Today's economy is extremely networked. We are able to observe the growing popularity of strategic networking. Interorganizational networks are perceived as a fast channel to the sustainable competitive advantage. Simultaneously, in many cases strategic partners decide to break ties before the joint goals are reached and networks fall apart. Therefore, in the field of strategic management the further research on network performance is relevant and needed. One of the most important feature of networks is internal coordination (shaped by market, hierarchic and social mechanisms) which is perceived as one of the primordial determinants of the durable and successful networking. The literature provides us a lot of deep, diversified and also inconsistent analysis on both network success and network failure. However, one of the newest research direction related to the networking is proximity concept. Proximity used to be perceived as the most important factor which shapes the network performance in the field of economic geography.
EN
Recent literature emphasizes the role of foreign subsidiaries (FS) as contributors to competitive advantage of the entire multinational enterprise (MNE) network. This contribution affects the positioning of focal subsidiary in the MNE structure - its power in relationships with corporate headquarters and other business units. The paper - conceptual in character, based on recent literature - aims at analysis of scope and contents of subsidiaries' relationships with local partners, and its possible influence on FS systemic power (i.e. power derived from subsidiary specialization within value chain), its resource-dependency power, institutional, and bargaining power (related to subsidiary management initiatives). The outcomes of the paper will be used in a study of positioning of foreign-owned subsidiaries located in Poland.
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