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„Intra muros et extra”. Innere Emigration als Problem. Ein literaturwissenschaftlicher Überblick

100%
Gołaszewski M.
Germanica Wratislaviensia
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2014
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vol. 139
39 - 55
EN
Inner Emigration is a phenomenon in the German Literature and simultaneously an expression of a spiritual attitude that came into existence as a result of refuge from political and social reality. The term was developed as early as in the 1930s century and over the course of the years was more and more often discussed. The real debate about this issue was ignited in a correspondence among Frank Thiess, Walter von Molo and Thomas Mann. The main problem with defining the term is that it is connected with the moral judgment of the literature and its authors. The Inner Emigration in literature stands both for works which criticized the regime and the texts of authors, who were searching for preservation of their independence by retreating into their inwardness. Therefore they separated themselves from the ideological Nazi — literature and cultural and educational policy. Because the living conditions of the exiles and of those who decided to stay in Germany were completely diffe rent the Inner Emigration in Literature was accused of the attitude of resignation or opportunism. As a result this kind of literature was fully excluded in the 50s from the field of science.
2
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Ideologische Voraussetzungen der Literatur des Dritten Reiches. Nationalsozialistische Literatur­ und Kulturpolitik

100%
Gołaszewski M., Tomasi-Kapral E., Institut für Germanistik an der Adam­Mickiewicz­Universität Poznań im Rahmen des Forschungsprojektes FUGA des Polnischen Forschungsnationalzentrums (NCN) P., Universität Łódź P. F.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Germanica
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2014
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vol. 10
EN
National Socialism did not only constitute a political doctrine; it was also a kind of worldview that left its mark on German and pan­-European culture of the 20th century. The drastic changes that were linked to Hitler’s takeover of power confronted writers and poets with a completely new reality and wholly new conditions of the creative process. Those who could not or would not emigrate had to submit themselves (voluntarily or involuntarily) to the policies and norms decreed by the National Socialists. National Socialism – a conglomerate of different ideologies and ideologemes – perverted certain middle­-class values and ultimately aimed towards the total subjugation of all areas of life, culture being among them. The fact that the German middle­-class partly shared the values propagated by the Nazis led to an overhasty and unjust assessment of the attitude of writers belonging to the so­-called ‘Inner Emigration’. The article at hand outlines the principles of National Socialist cultural politics as well as its relationship to artists. The complicated creative situation of writers and poets in the Third Reich will be shown by representative examples.
3
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„[…] warum schläft denn nimmer nur mir in der Brust ein Stachel?” Ernst Wiecherts Prosawerk der 30er Jahre

100%
Gajdis A., Jahrhunderts im Institut für Germanistik U. W.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Germanica
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2015
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vol. 11
EN
Ernst Wiechert’s prose written in the 1930s is best symbolized by Friedrich Hölderlin’s poem "Abendphantasie" (1799), in which the persona describes his loneliness and resignation, describing them as a thorn in his chest. The question of the identification of these feelings with the East Prussian writer is a major problem raised in the article. Wiechert certainly belongs to the group of writers associated with the so called Inner Emigration, and the studies by Herbert Wiesner, Ralf Schnell, Reinhold Grimm and Friedrich Denka support this thesis. Also, the method developed by Hubert Orlowski allows us to include or exclude literary works from inner emigration literature. This method turns out to be helpful in the interpretation of Wiechert’s works. Moreover, the question of Wiechert’s position on National Socialism is considered, which is full of contradictions, as well as his coming close to the Inner Emigration. On the basis of selected prose works created in the 1930s (e.g. "Die Hirtennovelle", "Die Majorin"), the writer’s evolution from the ‘breakthrough of grace’ to becoming an inner emigrant will be presented. Particularly noteworthy are some relevant themes in his works such as World War I, the mother figure as a prefiguration of the ‘Great Mother’ myth, the writer’s stand on National Socialism or the Mazurian landscape.
4
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Exil als Heterotopie. Die Dimensionen der Inneren Emigration und des Exils am Beispiel des literarischen Schaffens von Ernst Wiechert

75%
Kardach M.
Studia Germanica Posnaniensia
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2016
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issue 37
149-163
EN
Ernst Wiechert (1887-1950) was an East Prussian-born author who remained mentally related to the natural and cultural landscape of that region. The relation was very strongly reflected in almost all his literary work. The article deals with defining what forms and spaces of emigration and inner emigration are specific to Wiechert. It positively verifies the present state of research which treats Wiechert as the representative of inner emigration. The article also indicates new spaces of emigration (heterotopia according to Michel Foucault's definition) and inner emigration of Wiechert by careful analysis of his autobiographical texts and literary work
DE
Ernst Wiechert (1887-1950) was an East Prussian-born author who remained mentally related to the natural and cultural landscape of that region. The relation was very strongly reflected in almost all his literary work. The article deals with defining what forms and spaces of emigration and inner emigration are specific to Wiechert. It positively verifies the present state of research which treats Wiechert as the representative of inner emigration. The article also indicates new spaces of emigration (heterotopia according to Michel Foucault's definition) and inner emigration of Wiechert by careful analysis of his autobiographical texts and literary work.
5
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Vom rechten Handeln in rechtloser Zeit – Ernst Wiecherts Novelle „Der Richter”

63%
Büttner M., Oberstudienrat G. f. d. F. G.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Germanica
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2015
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vol. 11
EN
The novella "The Judge" by Ernst Wiechert gives testimony to the poet’s critical analysis and examination of the immediate National Socialist past and, at the same time, tries to provide some forward-looking re-orientation in terms of a comprehensive humanism based on Christian ideals. Wiechert’s narrative follows a dramatic structure in accordance with the tragedies of Classical Greek Antiquity. Faced with an existential crisis, the title character has to prove his moral integrity and steadfastness. Deluded by the pervasive Nazi ideology, the judge’s son goes astray by killing a former friend but finally, thanks to his father’s cautious, gentle guidance, finds his way back. At the end of the novella the son even atones for his wrongs while his father, an unfaltering representative and unswerving advocate of law and justice, resigns from his office in the face of the lawlessness he has experienced under the Nazi terror regime. Apart from analysing the plot of Wiechert’s novella, this study also examines the clearly outlined characters as well as the complex theme of guilt, repentance and forgiveness. Finally, the article focuses on the author’s intention of taking part in the social and political discourse of post-war Germany by conveying his message of humanity and moral integrity.
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