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EN
The money laundering is involving the organized crime, having the international character today definitely inseparably. Therefore the fight against this practice is one state is unusually difficult and practically impossible what the necessity of functioning of relevant regulation causes on the international arena. In the article they fixed their attention around solutions opposing the phenomenon of the money laundering, as well as international organizations, participating in the fight against the organized crime.
PL
Ten years after Poland’s accession to the European Union it seems right to ask the question: is our country a subject or an object in the political game in Brussels? Is our position strong enough to effectively influence the decision-making mechanisms in the European Union? Or maybe what some say about Poland’s position in the EU is true and our country is indeed “playing out of its league? In an attempt to contribute to answering these questions, in this text the author tries to identify the factors which may have had an impact on the election of Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk for the President of the European Council. The aim of the conducted cognitive process is also to perform an initial analysis of the visible results of this move, both for the institutional system of the European Union and for the way in which public decisions are shaped within the organization.The author also tries to identify the most significant challenges the Union has to face, as seen from the perspective of the President of the European Council. One might hope that this will be a good starting point for learning about the mechanism of forming political decisions in the EU, which will also find their place in the hereby publication as part of an extended analysis.
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EN
The organisational and functional structure of EU institutions is based in the fundamental principle of institutional balance. As a result of the reforms made by the Treaty of Lisbon, it shows explicit references to the principle of separation of powers (in both subjective and objective aspects) which has a prominent place in the national constitutional orders of the Member States. The purpose of this article is to identify those provisions of primary law codifying the powers of the European Council, which — when incorporated into the constitutional orders of the Member States — could be attributed to one of the traditional functions of the legislative power, thus proving the inclusion of the youngest EU institution in the realm of the EU legislative authorities, against the explicit negation of its lawmaking function.
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EN
The coronavirus pandemic that hit the world in early 2020 has weakened Europe very severely. In the first period (January-February), the disease was often neglected, which allowed it to spread rapidly. In March, panic struck European societies, the health systems of many countries collapsed, and governments introduced drastic restrictions on civil liberties and on the functioning of the economy. The European Union, which was helpless in the first period, took steps in the spring to restore the European economy after the end of the epidemic.
EN
The subject of this opinion is to discuss the powers of the European Union Affairs Committee of the Sejm addressed to the Council of Ministers under the provisions of the Treaty and the Standing Orders of the Sejm. According to the author, the Committee is entitled to request information from the representative of the Council of Ministers on the draft acts on the agenda of the European Council, whereas it may not request information on the specific position to be taken by the Prime Minister during a meeting of the European Council.
EN
The author of the opinion points out that the Council Decision 2020/2053 imposes a significant financial burden on the state and concerns matters regulated by statute or matters for which the Polish Constitution requires a statute, and as such may not be ratified without consent expressed by statute. The ratification of the Decision, due to the fact that through it the competencies of state authorities are transferred to the European Union in certain matters, should be conducted in accordance with Article 90 of the Polish Constitution.
EN
In the opinion of the author, the European Council Decision 2020/2053 does not determine new competencies of the Union, but only the creation of new financial instruments to implement political priorities or better reflect the importance of the general budget. It does, however, impose a significant financial burden on the state, and thus meets the criteria for ratification of an international agreement set forth in the Polish Constitution in Article 89 para. 1 subpara. 4. It is therefore not permissible for the Decision to be ratified solely by the President of the Republic of Poland without the consent of the Sejm and the Senate expressed in a statute.
EN
In the author’s opinion, on the grounds of the Constitution it is not possible to ratify the Council’s decision without the consent expressed in a law by the Sejm and the Senate. This decision causes a significant financial burden on the state and concerns matters for which the Constitution requires a statute. The Council’s decision has the effect of transferring to an international organization the competences of public authorities in certain matters. The author of the opinion estimates that the best form of expressing consent to the ratification of the decision of the Council would be to determine the mode of nationwide referendum by the Sejm.
EN
In determining the correct procedure for ratification of Council Decision 2020/2053, the author has analysed the provisions of Polish law and European Union law. In the author’s opinion, on the basis of the Council Decision there is no transfer of powers of state authorities within the meaning of Article 90 of the Constitution. Therefore, in Polish conditions this will mean the requirement of the application of the so-called “large” ratification, referred to in Article 89 para. 1 of the Constitution. Such a solution is supported both by the substantive content of the provisions contained in Council Decision 2020/2053, the previous practice of ratifying Council Decisions on the system of own resources of the EU, as well as the order to apply a “pro-EU” interpretation.
EN
The modification process of the European Union’s institutional order appears to be permanent. One of the elements of this tendency is the position of the European Council, which is especially interesting in the field of stimulating external EU activities. The aim of this analysis is to explore the EC’s engagement in initiating foreign relations, taking the eastern neighborhood as an example. The paper reviews the European Council’s meetings in the period of 2008–2016, concluding that the EC actively responded to external challenges and created a political impetus for the actions of other institutions. The internal debate initiated by the member states from Central and Eastern Europe resulted in the formulation of the Eastern Partnership initiative that the European Council approved and adopted, giving it a political impetus within the European Union. This caused a specific reaction in the neighborhood. The process of association of some eastern partners was accompanied by the need to deal with the challenging response from Russia, which resorted, among other things, to military measures. The European Council’s involvement in external actions in the East became a self-deepening process with a changing profile and priorities.
EN
The European Union’s development has been causing modifications in its institutional model. It refers – in the context of external activities – to the formal competences distribution on the one hand, and practice of the European institutions’ functioning on the other. Especially with regard to informal mechanisms. The aim of this contribution is the analysis of the European Council involvement in the European Union’s external actions creation. The research questions regard sources and manifestations of the European Council institutional dynamics, in the field of external actions. The answer is based on analysis of its behavior with regard to the construction of borders of the European project in cooperation with the external partners. Methodologically itemployes the analysis of the European Council Conclusions in the years 2011–2017.
PL
Rozwój Unii Europejskiej powoduje zmiany w jej modelu instytucjonalnym. W kontekście działań zewnętrznych dotyczy to z jednej strony rozkładu kompetencji formalnych, z drugiej praktyki funkcjonowania instytucji unijnych, szczególnie w zakresie mechanizmów nieformalnych. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza zaangażowania Rady Europejskiej w kreowanie działań zewnętrznych Unii Europejskiej. Pytania badawcze stawiane w analizie dotyczą źródeł i przejawów dynamiki instytucjonalnej Rady Europejskiej w zakresie działań zewnętrznych. Odpowiedź na nie udzielona została w oparciu o analizę zachowania Rady Europejskiej w odniesieniu do sposobu konstruowania granic projektu integracyjnego w kontekście relacji z partnerami zewnętrznymi. Metodologicznie tekst opiera się na analizie konkluzji posiedzeń Rady Europejskiej w latach 2011–2017.
EN
The debate on the second institutional reform of the European Union began towards the end of 2011. The purpose of the new reform is to complete the systemic changes of EU implemented by the Treaty of Lisbon of 13 December 2007. The first part of the article presents the standpoints of the most important states whose representatives took active part in this debate or participated in the proceedings of the Reflection Group on the Future of the European Union. The second part discusses the opinions of EU institutions, particularly the European Commission and the European Council on the proposed reform. The three reports of Herman Van Rompuy prepared in collaboration with Barroso, Draghi and Juncker, which were presented to the European Council in June, October and December 2012 led to the development of a plan of measures aimed at completing the process of constituting an Economic and Currency Union by creating an integrated financial, budget and economic framework that would eventually overcome the debt crisis in the Eurozone. In turn the report of the Reflection Group on the Future of the European Union of September 2012 contained the postulate of a second in history, complex systemic reform of the entire EU. The idea of a possible transformation of the European Union into a Political Union has been postponed for at least a few years.
EN
The author, trying to determine the correct procedure for ratification of Council Decision 2020/2053 on the system of own resources of the European Union, considers this issue from the perspective of Polish and European Union law. In his considerations he also refers to historical arguments. The author concludes that the Council Decision should be ratified according to the procedure set out in Article 89 para. 1 of the Polish Constitution.
EN
The article analyses the conclusions of the European Council in the years 2011–2017 from the perspective of the implementation of the so-called principle of migration security priority in the area of EU’s return and asylum policy. In accordance with the theses of the current article, there exists an overarching principle of migration security priority, which is applicable at the level of the shaping of EU’s migration policy, whereas the European Council has a real infl uence on the shape and directions of the development of EU’s migration policy. In actual fact, the European Council performs the function of the creator within the sphere of asylum and return policy – develops programme guidelines, provides solutions to problems and proposes possible changes in the instruments of the law. The article presents the results of an in-depth analysis of the conclusions of the European Council with regard to the management of migration processes in the era of the migration crisis, which escalated in April 2015.
EN
The European Union has been recognised as an international system whose decisions and actions are conditioned by environmental determinants, which is a dynamic process of change. The article attempts to explain the EU’s decisions based on the conclusions of the European Council in 2010–2022. 93 documents containing the conclusions of the European Council adopted during that period were analysed. It was found that the determinants of EU decisions and actions function – firstly – at the international system level and, secondly, at the level of the domestic systems of the Member States. In addition, the article: 1) reconstructed the discussion in the science of international relations on behavioural determinants, 2) reconstructed the perception of determinants in the conclusions of the European Council; 3) a model for organising the analysis of the determinants of the decisions of the European Council was proposed.
EN
The European Council has gradually evolved into a center of political decision making in the EEC/EU and its range of formal and informal powers continues to grow. The following political decisions and legal regulations marked a significant step in this process because it identified and acknowledged the European Council’s position and its leading role within the EEC/ EU. This article examines the sources and manifestations of the institutional changes within the European Council in the period 1961-1977. Its purpose is to analyze the factors which influence the creation and development of the European Council in light of political decisions, Treaty’s provisions and the practice of its activities. The issue discussed in the article is based on the assumption that the structural order is characterized by a significant asymmetry. The increasing interdependence in the relations between states, together with the need and the necessity of the idea of cooperation, has coincided with the process of change necessitated by the new functions of the European Council. This has significantly affected the pace of inter-institutional transformation. In defining the determinants affecting this transformation, the functionality of the system, as well as the limitations in terms of its ability should be emphasized.
PL
Rada Europejska stopniowo przekształciła się w ośrodek podejmowania decyzji politycznych EWG, później Unii Europejskiej. Jej zakres formalnych i nieformalnych uprawnień stale się zwiększał. Kolejne postanowienia polityczne i wprowadzane prawne regulacje wyznaczały znaczące etapy tego procesu, ponieważ określały jej rolę i wiodącą funkcję w EWG. Artykuł odnosi się do źródeł i przejawów dynamiki instytucjonalnej w procesie rozwoju Rady Europejskiej w okresie 1961-1977. Jego celem jest analiza czynników warunkujących powstanie i rozwój Rady Europejskiej w świetle przyjmowanych decyzji politycznych, a także praktyki jej działań. Przedstawione w artykule zagadnienie oparte zostało na założeniu, iż ład strukturalny cechuje znacząca asymetryczność. Narastanie współzależności w kształtowanych relacjach między państwami w sytuacji potrzeby i konieczności współpracy zbiega się z procesem zmian w odniesieniu do konieczności kształtowania nowych funkcji instytucji. To znacząco wpłynęło na dynamikę międzyinstytucjonalnych przekształceń. Określając determinanty wpływające na te przekształcenia podkreślić należy funkcjonalność systemu, a także jego ograniczenia.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza roli Rady Europejskiej w negocjacjach związanych z planowanym wystąpieniem Wielkiej Brytanii z Unii Europejskiej. Prawo Unii określa kluczową rolę Rady Europejskiej w tych negocjacjach. To ta instytucja jest odpowiedzialna za kształtowanie zasad i wytycznych, na podstawie których prowadzone są negocjacje. Nie mniej ważne jest uregulowanie przyszłych stosunków Wielkiej Brytanii z UE po tym, jak Brytyjczycy opuszczą Unię Europejską, gdzie Rada Europejska będzie również odgrywać kluczową rolę.
EN
The aim of the article is to analyze the role of the European Council in negotiations related to the planned withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union. European Union law defines the key role of the European Council in these negotiations. It is this institution that is responsible for shaping the principles and guidelines on the basis of which the negotiations are being conducted. It is no less important to regulate the future relations of the UK with the EU after the British leave the European Union. The role of the European Council will be crucial there as well.
EN
The article deals with the role of the president of the European Council in the institutional framework of the European Union, as it has been laid down by the Lisbon Treaty. The text indicates its growing influence, beyond the wording of the Treaty, and the growing criticism that this evolution has stimulated. Reviewing the critical points of view relating to his role, the text analyzes the factors that determine changes in the formula for the functioning of the office of the President of the European Council. The existing structures of inter-institutional links that condition the performance of his function were presented. The article is based on the assumption that the current principle of correlation of tasks based on complementing competences has been modified. The worsening of the crisis situation disturbed the existing institutional balance, and at the same time coincided with the process of competence changes. The discussion also considers the proposal of reform of the institutional architecture of the EU.
PL
Artykuł skupia się na roli Rady Europejskiej w ramach instytucjonalnych Unii Europejskiej, zgodnie z zapisami traktatu lizbońskiego. W tekście wskazano na jej rosnący wpływ, wykraczający poza sformułowania zawarte w Traktacie, oraz na narastającą krytykę, którą stymuluje ta ewolucja. Dokonując przeglądu krytycznych punktów widzenia odnoszących się do roli, jaką sprawuje, w tekście dokonano analizy czynników warunkujących zmiany formuły funkcjonowania urzędu przewodniczącego Rady Europejskiej. Przedstawione zostały istniejące struktury powiązań międzyinstytucjonalnych warunkujące pełnienie przez niego funkcji. W artykule oparto się na założeniu, iż dotychczasowa zasada korelacji zadań oparta na uzupełnianiu kompetencji uległa modyfikacji. Narastanie sytuacji kryzysowej wpłynęło na zaburzenie dotychczasowej równowagi instytucjonalnej, a jednocześnie zbiegło się z procesem zmian kompetencyjnych.
EN
The first part of the study presents the dynamics of migration crisis in the European Union in the years 2015-2016. The second part discusses the reform of immigration policy and control of the EU’s external borders, the international agreement between the EU and Turkey on cooperation in stopping irregular migration signed on March 18 2016 is analyzed and new humanitarian and funding instruments as well as aid programmes for migrants established by the EU in the years 2015-2016 are described. The third part characterizes the changes in asylum policy designed by the EU in 2016.
PL
Celem badawczym pracy jest rekonstrukcja wpływu Niemiec na reformę ustrojową Unii Europejskiej dokonaną w traktacie lizbońskim z 13 grudnia 2007 r. Autor formułuje hipotezę badawczą, że traktat lizboński znacząco wzmocnił pozycję Niemiec w Unii. Ograniczenie prawa weta państw członkowskich oraz radykalne wzmocnienie metody wspólnotowej w Unii dokonane w tym traktacie zamiast jeszcze bardziej związać Niemcy z UE, stworzyły potencjalne przesłanki nawet do ich dominacji w Unii.
EN
The research objective of the article is the reconstruction of Germany’s influence on the system reform of the European Union in the Treaty of Lisbon (December 13, 2007). The author formulates a research hypothesis that the Treaty of Lisbon has strengthened Germany’s position in the European Union. Instead of connecting Germany with the Union even more, veto restrictions on the Member States and the radical strengthening of the community method in the EU provided by the treaty formed possible grounds for their domination in the EU.
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