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Ludzkie embriony i godność człowieka w świetle prawa patentowego. Wyrok Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej z dnia 19 października 2011 r. w sprawie Brüstle przeciwko Greenpeace

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Łącki P.

Przegląd Sejmowy

2012

issue 4(111)

33-54

Different legal conceptions are nowadays challenged by bioethical dilemmas. This also includes patent law. In the Directive 98/44/EC on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions the European Parliament and the Council have considered uses of human embryos for industrial or commercial purposes unpatentable (Article 6(2)(c)). Interpretation of the Directive has aroused controversy, particularly in the context of use of stem cells obtained from a human embryo at the blastocyst stage, which entails the destruction of that embryo. On 18th October 2011 the European Court of Justice (Grand Chamber) gave a preliminary ruling providing an interpretation of the notion of human embrio. In its judgment the Court held that a ‘human embryo’ is any human ovum after fertilisation, any non-fertilised human ovum into which the cell nucleus from a mature human cell has been transplanted and any non-fertilised human ovum whose division and further development have been stimulated by parthenogenesis constitute. The judgment resolves all disputes relating to interpretation of Article 6(2)(c) of the Directive. Considering the main argument used by the Court, i.e. reference to the principle of human dignity, one should expect that the significance and effects of the judgment will be far-reaching.

Ludzkie embriony i godność człowieka w świetle prawa patentowego. Wyrok Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej z dnia 19 października 2011 r. w sprawie Brüstle przeciwko Greenpeace

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Wnukiewicz-Kozłowska A.

Przegląd Sejmowy

2012

issue 4(111)

55-76

Patentability of live forms, including that of human body, has been – and still is – the subject of attention of patent authorities and judicial practice. It is a controversial and disputable issue, as it concerns in particular treating a human being as a patentable subject matter. Therefore, patentability of human body has been exluded, even if Directive 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 1998 on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions allows biological material which is isolated from its natural environment or produced by means of a technical process to be the subject of an invention even if it previously occurred in nature, i.e. the requirements of novelty and involvement of an inventive step have not been met. The author examines the current legal status of human embryo as a potential subject of invention under UE law, particularly in the context of the judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union in the case Brüstle v. Greenpeace which is recognized as an essential element in the discussion on this issue, as well as an attempt to determine a possible direction of future development in this area in the EU law. The proper achievement of the tasks of the article depends mostly on the examination of the definition of human embryo proposed by the Court and its impact on EU law and domestic law of member states, and also an analysis of the status of the embryo in relation to the principle of respect to human dignity, patent law, scientific research in biomedicine, and the ban of use of human body for commercial purposes. In these areas, the legal status of embryo has a considerable importance.

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2 Przegląd Sejmowy

2 2012

1 Wnukiewicz-Kozłowska A.

1 Łącki P.

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Ludzkie embriony i godność człowieka w świetle prawa patentowego. Wyrok Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej z dnia 19 października 2011 r. w sprawie Brüstle przeciwko Greenpeace

Ludzkie embriony i godność człowieka w świetle prawa patentowego. Wyrok Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej z dnia 19 października 2011 r. w sprawie Brüstle przeciwko Greenpeace