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EN
The European social model is a vision of society that combines sustainable economic growth with the reduction of economic and social inequalities through income redistribution, ensuring a high level of social security and universal access to basic social services. Some economists argue that the last three decades have witnessed a rapid transition towards a new minimal welfare state, in the wake of the rising importance of services (post-industrialism), globalisation, population ageing, changing family and gender relations. In that perspective, the European social model is more chimera than reality. The author argues that the existing social democratic model of the welfare state is likely to be a response to the challenges social policy currently faces. Furthermore, the social democratic model corresponds well with the assumptions of the European social model. With the transformation of the early 1990s, Poland abandoned its socialist welfare system. Although it is debatable whether current social policy in Poland can be classified according to any of Esping-Andersen’s well-known welfare types, changes in the labour market will be crucial for the size and shape of the Polish welfare state in the future. The sustainability of the generous welfare state ultimately depends on the citizens’ participation in the labour force participation.
EN
The modern European concept of collective labour relations is based on the social dialogue, which represents an opportunity for ensuring permanent social peace. The social dialogue is regulated by the provisions of the primary European law, conducted at the supranational level by the social partners functioning in the European social area. It is also an important model for conducting dialogue by the social partners in the EU Member States and for establishment by the authorities of particular EU Member States of the principles and procedures for the social dialogue in the labour law systems. The freedom of association, collective bargaining, social dialogue and quality of collective labour relations are the fundamental elements of the European social model. The collective bargaining as being a part of this model should promote workplace democracy, redistribution of resources, and efficiency of employment relations. However, collective agreements that may be concluded at the European level are still a novelty in the legislative system of European labour law and they do not play a role as the alternative sources of European labour law.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza procesu integracji europejskiej w sferze polityki społecznej oraz ocena znaczenia tej polityki w tworzeniu europejskiej przestrzeni społecznej. Wskaźniki spójności społeczno-ekonomicznej wskazują na duże zróżnicowanie krajów członkowskich pod względem poziomu ochrony socjalnej i pogłębienie ich dywergencji po 2008 roku. Z analizy wynika, że ostatni kryzys finansowo-gospodarczy i zadłużeniowy zasadniczo przyczynił się do obniżenia spójności społecznej i gospodarczej UE i jest to jeden z najważniejszych czynników utrudniających rozwój europejskiego modelu społecznego na obecnym etapie integracji. Kraje UE dzielą się na trzy grupy: 1) północno-zachodnie (9), 2) południowe z Irlandią (6), 3) Europy Środ-kowo-Wschodniej (11). Kraje grupy I (skandynawskie, Belgia i Holandia, a także Francja, Austria i Niemcy) utrzymały swoją przewagę w stosunku do średniej UE w podnoszeniu standardów ekonomicznych i społecznych (z wyjątkiem Wielkiej Brytanii). W grupie II (krajów południo-wych) wskaźniki dywergencji wzrosły przede wszystkim w Portugalii, Hiszpanii i Grecji, niemniej procesy dywergencyjne objęły również Włochy i Cypr. Najbardziej zróżnicowaną grupę stanowią kraje Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, ale w pięciu z nich wskaźniki dywergencji obniżyły się i nastąpiła poprawa ich pozycji na tle krajów południowych. Wskazane zostały również inne czynniki opóźniające ujednolicanie polityki społecznej na niższych stadiach integracji: 1) duży wpływ neoliberalistów na koncepcje i plany integracji na różnych etapach jej rozwoju oraz koncentracja uwagi na korzyściach ekonomii skali, 2) zróżnicowanie modeli państwa dobrobytu w krajach członkowskich i poziomu finansowania potrzeb spe-łecznych, 3) brak strategii rozwoju polityki społecznej, 4) kryzys polityki państwa dobrobytu, 5) integracja walutowa i potrzeba spełnienia traktatowych kryteriów unii walutowej, wymagająca poprawy równowagi budżetowej i obniżenia długu publicznego.
EN
The subject of the paper is an analysis of the European integration process in the field of so-cial policy and an assessment of the significance of that policy in the European social dimension creation. The socio-economic cohesion indicators show a wide diversity among the Member States in terms of social protection level and their divergence has deepened since 2008. The analysis suggests that the recent financial-economic and debt crisis has substantially contributed to the decrease in economic and social cohesion of the EU which is one of the major factors hindering the development of the European social model at the current stage of integration. The EU countries can be divided into three groups: 1) the Northwest countries (9), 2) the Southern countries and Ireland (6), 3) Central and Eastern European countries (11). Countries from the 1st group (Scandi-navian countries, Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as France, Austria and Germany) have maintained their advantage in raising economic and social standards in comparison to the EU average (with the exception of the UK). In the 2nd group (the Southern countries) divergence indicators have increased, particularly in Portugal, Spain and Greece, however, divergent processes have also occurred in Italy and Cyprus. Central and Eastern European countries have been ex-tremely varied, but divergence indicators had been lowering in five of them and their position against the Southern countries has been improving. The subject of the paper is an analysis of the European integration process in the field of so-cial policy and an assessment of the significance of that policy in the European social dimension creation. The socio-economic cohesion indicators show a wide diversity among the Member States in terms of social protection level and their divergence has deepened since 2008. The analysis suggests that the recent financial-economic and debt crisis has substantially contributed to the decrease in economic and social cohesion of the EU which is one of the major factors hindering the development of the European social model at the current stage of integration. The EU countries can be divided into three groups: 1) the Northwest countries (9), 2) the Southern countries and Ireland (6), 3) Central and Eastern European countries (11). Countries from the 1st group (Scandinavian countries, Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as France, Austria and Germany) have maintained their advantage in raising economic and social standards in comparison to the EU average (with the exception of the UK). In the 2nd group (the Southern countries) divergence indicators have increased, particularly in Portugal, Spain and Greece, however, divergent processes have also occurred in Italy and Cyprus. Central and Eastern European countries have been extremely varied, but divergence indicators had been lowering in five of them and their position against the Southern countries has been improving.
EN
The Author of the article sets as a research goal the diagnosis of the role of the ideological factor and objective structural conditions in the evolution of regulated capitalism on the European continent. In the text the European social model was characterized, the influence of globalisation on the regulated European capitalism was analyzed, the challenges of demography which are posed for the social structures, the job market and social security in Europe were discussed. The Author analysed the changes happening on the European job market since the 1980s in the field of institutional solutions, position of the employee, policy tools for the job market. The convergence and divergence dynamic in the development of the European social policy and the role of the EU institutions in managing the problems of modern Europe were analysed. Finally the influence of the Eurozone’s economic crisis on the EU social policy was diagnosed. In order to operationalise the research, historical and comparative methods will be used as well as institutional analysis and social index analysis.
EN
The Author of the article sets as a research goal the diagnosis of the role of the ideological factor and objective structural conditions in the evolution of regulated capitalism on the European continent. In the text the European social model was characterized, the influence of globalisation on the regulated European capitalism was analyzed, the challenges of demography which are posed for the social structures, the job market and social security in Europe were discussed. The Author analysed the changes happening on the European job market since the 1980s in the field of institutional solutions, position of the employee, policy tools for the job market. The convergence and divergence dynamic in the development of the European social policy and the role of the EU institutions in managing the problems of modern Europe were analysed. Finally the influence of the Eurozone’s economic crisis on the EU social policy was diagnosed. In order to operationalise the research, historical and comparative methods will be used as well as institutional analysis and social index analysis.
PL
Jako cel badawczy Autorka artykułu postawiła sobie diagnozę roli czynnika ideologicznego i obiektywnych uwarunkowań strukturalnych w ewolucji regulowanego kapitalizmu na kontynencie europejskim. W tekście dokonano charakterystyki europejskiego modelu społecznego, przeanalizowano wpływ globalizacji na europejski kapitalizm regulowany, omówiono wyzwania jakie demografia stwarza dla struktur społecznych, rynku pracy oraz systemu zabezpieczenia społecznego w Europie. Autorka prześledziła zmiany w sferze pracy, które zachodzą od lat 80. XX wieku na europejskim rynku pracy w obszarze rozwiązań instytucjonalnych, pozycji pracownika, instrumentów polityki rynku pracy. Analizie poddane zostały procesy konwergencji i dywergencji w rozwoju europejskiej polityki społecznej oraz rola instytucji unijnych w zarządzaniu problemami społecznymi współczesnej Europy. Ostatnim elementem analizy był wpływ kryzysu ekonomicznego w strefie euro na unijną politykę społeczną. W operacjonalizacji prowadzonych badań wykorzystano metodę historyczną, porównawczą, analizę instytucjonalną i analizę wskaźników społecznych.
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