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EN
During the first years after accession Polish, Hungarian and Czech republics experienced a huge inflow of private and public funds that resulted in exchange rate appreciation, reserves accumulation, interest rates cuts. During the liquidity crisis substantial capital flows reversals and exchange rate sharp depreciations were experienced. Shocks in capital flows influenced the real exchange rate evolution and consecutively - the competitiveness of these three economies. The aim of this article is to answer the question to which extent the situation on the FX market has influenced the competitiveness of Polish, Hungarian and Czech economies represented by a real effective exchange rate fluctuations. In the first part the characteristics of foreign exchange markets in Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic are presented. The second part concentrates on analysis of index of speculative pressure and its impact on evolution of real exchange rate.
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Non Linear Analysis of S&P Index

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EN
This paper applies non-linear methods to analyze and predict the daily open S&P index which is one of the most important stock index in the world. The aim of the analysis is to quantitatively show if the corresponding time series is a deterministic chaotic one and if one or more days ahead prediction can be achieved. These results make the present work a valuable tool for traders investors and funds.
EN
Aim/purpose – The aim of this article is to present two cases of exchange rate controls in Switzerland and Argentina. The paper also examines the problem of presence and evaluation of shadow exchange rate in both countries. Design/methodology/approach – The shadow exchange rates are estimated using speculative pressure index concept that emphasizes the importance of not only exchange rate movements but also changes in foreign exchange reserves as well as interest rate differentials. The research sample covers Switzerland 2001-2016 and Argentina 2006-2016 (for shadow exchange rate simulation: 2011-2014 and 2011-2015, respectively). Findings – The conclusions drawn from international experience and conducted empirical analysis are positive. In both cases, shadow exchange rates were close to market rates after the removal of controls. During the restrictions periods shadow rates followed the intuition given by speculative pressure index concept (and by monetary approach, simultaneously). Research implications/limitations – The research suggests that market forces in both countries were still able to restore exchange rates to market values after the period of control. However, it is obvious that it is very difficult to prove that shadow rates were always determined by economical forces and close to their long-term equilibrium values. Originality/value/contribution – The original approach combines two important economic concepts – the idea of shadow exchange rate and the methodology of index of speculative pressure. Combined together they can help to analyze two interesting and relatively new cases of foreign exchange controls in Switzerland and Argentina. The results can be valuable for economists, researchers and politicians who support or reject the idea of controlling macroeconomic parameters in modern, open economy.
EN
This paper has been devoted to the presentation of the results of the analysis of changes in the global foreign exchange market in the period of time between year 2000 and 2010. The main thesis is as follows: mounting indebtedness of advances economies and rising power of newly industrialized countries implicate the increase of international role of the currencies of large emerging countries. The main conclusion drawn from the results is still a minor significance of the analysed currencies in the world economy. Major reasons of the situation are: an incomplete liberalization of the flows of these currencies and financial instruments denominated in them; instabilities of these currencies and low confidence in the macroeconomic policies of the analysed countries.
EN
The study deals with the question of monetary integration of the Holy Roman Empire, the main result of which was the adoption of the imperial mint orders from 1524, 1551 and 1559 and the amendment to the imperial mint order from 1566. The author sees the beginning of the 1540s as a significant turning point in this process, when there was still the possibility of a compromise solution to the religious disputes within the Empire, and when the opposition imperial princes were willing to contribute financially and personally to the Habsburgs’ military operations in the conflicts with France and the Ottoman Empire. The author analyses the content of the 1542 mint agreement and documents the political contexts which lead to an acceptance by the Habsburgs of exchange rates unfavourable for the Austrian lands.
EN
"This study extends earlier analysis, in which behavior of daily exchange rates during the global crisis was compared to that before crisis. We repeat similar comparison for data set extended until the end of April 2010, use ARMA/ARMAX and GARCH models with stock indices as additional regressors, for volatility and returns of EURPLN, EURUSD, USDPLN exchange rates. Marked increase in volatility during crisis, negatively affected quality of models. After crisis volatility and returns seem to stabilize, hence exchange rate risk seems to decline gradually. There is a slight improvement in quality of models after the crisis."
PL
W artykule rozważono możliwości i ograniczenia związane z zastosowaniem strategii inwestycyjnych wykorzystujących martyngał na rynku kontraktów różnic kursowych CFD. Zamieszczone w artykule rozważania zostały zilustrowane na przykładzie pary walutowej AUD/CHF, w przypadku której występują dodatnie punkty swapowe. W przeciwieństwie do znanych dotychczas popularnych strategii inwestycyjnych opartych na wykorzystaniu martyngału, autorzy proponują strategię, w przypadku której wymagany kapitał ma skończoną wartość.(abstrakt oryginalny)
EN
In the paper we analyze the possibilities and limits of implementation of investment strategies based on martingale in the case of CFD market. The presented in the article discussion is illustrated on the example of AUD/CHF currency pair in the case of which there are positive swap points. Opposite to the other known so far popular investment strategies base on martingale the authors of the paper propose the strategy in the case of which the capital that we must have has a finite value.(original abstract)
XX
Perturbacje finansowe na świecie i rozchwianie budżetów państwowych w ostatnich latach tworzą zarzewie znacznych zmian kursów walutowych. Kurs złotego wobec dolara podlega w ostatnich latach silnym wahaniom. Dotyczy to także kursu złotego wobec euro, brytyjskiego funta szterlinga, franka szwajcarskiego oraz innych walut. Notowania kursu walutowego są istotnym elementem rachunku ekonomicznego. Prowadzi je NBP, ale też kurs wyznacza rynek. Notowania antycypacyjne, choć są podawane przez niektóre firmy eksperckie, okrywa tajemnica sposobu ich wyliczenia. Tymczasem statystyka państwowa dysponuje informacjami, które mogą wskazać, poprzez odpowiednie wyliczenia, jakie składniki rachunku makroekonomicznego wpływają najbardziej na kurs walutowy oraz jakie jest ryzyko dla tych składników. (fragment tekstu)
EN
Based on the Polish balance of payments, the euro zone, Great Britain, Switzerland and the United States we can determine what factors most influence on changes in the exchange rate. One can also attach to them influence of the rate of growth of national income, inflation and changes in the budget balance. In the case of Poland important are data on the activities of foreign companies. Exports of foreign companies operating in Poland has become the engine of our country's foreign trade. It aims to gradually balance the Polish trade balance. Moreover, the Polish financial situation stabilizes, although, the imbalance of the state budget balance distorts it slightly. The calculations omit the factor of profiteering activity. The article demonstrates that the zloty exchange rate, during the financial crisis affects the balance of payments most countries with strong currencies, not the balance of the Polish economy. (original abstract)
XX
Zmiany kursu walutowego wpływają na wzrost lub spadek sprzedaży firmy i jej zyski netto, więc i gospodarki. Autor analizuje rozmiar tego wpływu przyjmując jako miernik kurs złotego wobec euro w latach 2000-2006.
EN
The changes in the exchange rates have a significant impact on the increase of the national income and total balance sheets: the current balance of payments and the state budget. In 2005 the change in the PLN/EURO exchange rate, as compared with the previous year, was the greatest change in the period of 2000—2005. In the article the ex post method was used, taking into account the real changes in the exchange rates in a given year, contrary to the most frequently used ex ante methods. These are direct results for particular elements of the national economy and income depending on the level of the imports and exports and their branch structure. Moreover, the indirect results were also calculated for the exchange rates changes originating from the use of flows and outflows of the direct consumers cash, as multiplying effects, assuming that the reaction to the increase and fall in demand will occur after 2,5 months time. The exchange rates changes have the strongest influence on the current balance of payments and on the balance of the state budget.
EN
The foreign exchange market is one of the most important segments of the financial market. FX options market is also one of the largest in the world. In the case of the basic model of option pricing - Merton Scholes model variability Blacks used for option pricing is constant and flat over time and does not change in relation to the strike price. The term structure of volatility is creating volatility surfaces for which variability has different levels depending on the date and the exercise price of options. This paper presents the characteristics of the exchange rate and pattern construction plane volatility smile in the currency market. Article characterized the basic concepts of interpolation and extrapolation of pairs trading volatility certain exchange rates
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki badania stacjonarności kursów złotego wobec pięciu walut: euro, dolara amerykańskiego, franka szwajcarskiego, funta szterlinga oraz jena japońskiego. Przy badaniach stacjonarności zastosowano najważniejsze testy, tzn. ADF, DF-GLS, Phillipsa-Perrona oraz KPSS.
EN
In this paper the empirical results concerning the stationarity testing of foreign exchanges of Polish zloty against five main world currencies are presented. By mean of ADF, DF-GLS and Philips-Perron tests the non-stationarity of order 1 in all considered time series is established. The KPSS test indicates integration of the investigated time series of order 2. (original abstract)
XX
Celem artykułu jest analiza długu zagranicznego w Polsce w latach 1995-2009 na tle zmian zachodzących w latach wcześniejszych oraz zdefiniowanie zagrożeń wynikających z tego zadłużenia dla gospodarki w najbliższej przyszłości. Niekorzystna sytuacja w zakresie bilansu płatniczego ogranicza możliwości zaciągania długu na rynkach międzynarodowych, zwłaszcza w okresach wysokiego natężenia obsługi zadłużenia zagranicznego. Wysoki poziom rezerw walutowych przekonuje jednak, że mimo wysokiego zadłużenia zagranicznego Polska nie będzie miała problemów z regulowaniem bieżących zobowiązań. Ryzyko zadłużenia zagranicznego rośnie, ale nadal jest ono stosunkowo niskie. Jednak niekorzystne warunki makroekonomiczne mogą zmienić tę sytuację.
EN
The aim of the article is to analyze Poland's foreign debt in years 1995-2009 in relation to changes occurred in earlier years as well as definition of economic dangers in the next future. Disadvantageous balance of payments reduces possibilities to run up a debt on international markets although high currency reserves allow Poland to settle current liabilities without problems. The foreign debt risk growths but it is as before relatively low. However disadvantageous macro-economic development conditions can change this situation.(original abstract)
XX
Artykuł przedstawia metodę badania wpływu stóp procentowych Libor na kurs walutowy EURO/USD na rynku Forex za pomocą zweryfikowanego modelu opartego na teorii niezabezpieczonego parytetu stóp procentowych (UIP). Badanie to było prowadzone w latach 1995-2004. Wyniki empiryczne pokazały, że otrzymany model nie był zgodny z teorią UIP. Dysparytet stóp procentowych okazał się istotny statystycznie, lecz wpływał na kurs przeciwnie niż postulowano w modelu teoretycznym. Otrzymane wyniki mogą być wykorzystywane przy budowie prognostycznego modelu kursu walutowego. (abstrakt oryginalny)
EN
This study aims at determining an influence of Lib or interest rates on EUR/USD exchange rate on FOREX market. The survey evaluates uncovered interest parity (UIP) model and is based on long time series. Diagnosis of that phenomenon will contribute to development offorecasting model. Empirical results show that in years 1995-2004 UIP did not hold. However, interest rates parity has statistically essential impact on EUR/USD exchange rate. (original abstract)
PL
W artykule autorzy analizują wybrane waluty oraz ich stopy zwrotu opisując przykładowy model kursów walutowych (model CHEER) oraz odnosząc się do praktyki inwestowania w waluty na rynku Forex. Głównym celem artykułu jest prezentacja modeli w kontekście podejmowania racjonalnych decyzji inwestycyjnych, a także odpowiedź na pytanie czy umiejętności związane z modelowaniem sprzyjają uzyskaniu dodatnich lub "mniej ujemnych" stóp zwrotu z inwestycji.
EN
In the article authors make analyze selected currencies and returns, describe model CHEER and pertain to investments practice on FOREX. The main purpose of the article is presentation of models in making rational investment decision context and also response the question: is the ability in modeling might give a positive investments results (positive or "less negative" return of investments).
EN
The aim of the article is to identify the main determinants of the zloty's real exchange rate in the period of 2000-2011 and its fundamental relations with the sphere of foreign trade. The article also points out the definition of the real exchange rate and analyses its formation with respect to the zloty. During the research task accomplishment, the analysis of literature and statistical analysis were used. As it was proved, the impact of zloty's real exchange rate level on the size of Polish foreign trade is quite significant. In turn, the most important determinants of the real value of Polish currency in the studied period, include primarily the accession effect, the inflow of capital from abroad and the phenomena associated with the crisis in the global economy and in the euro area.
PL
W 2011 r. władze argentyńskie zdecydowały się na wprowadzenie systemu kontroli obrotów kapitałowych, który obowiązywał do 2015 r. Celem pracy jest oszacowanie tzw. kursu cienia USD/ARS w okresie kontroli kursu. W pracy zweryfikowano hipotezę, że kurs cień, wyznaczany za pomocą klasycznych parametrów monetarnych, powinien poprawnie odzwierciedlać rzeczywistą sytuację rynkową, a w rezultacie nie odbiegać zbytnio od kursu USD/ARS po jego uwolnieniu. W pierwszej części przedstawiono reformy gospodarcze przeprowadzone w Argentynie po kryzysie finansowym z 2001 r. W części drugiej, korzystając z koncepcji kursu cienia oraz indeksu presji spekulacyjnej oszacowano wartości kursu cienia w okresie kontroli.
EN
The aim of this work is to estimate the shadow exchange rate during the period of foreign exchange control in Argentina in 2011-2015. The hypothesis of this work is that the shadow exchange rate, determined by classical monetary parameters, reflects the actual market situation and, consequently, should not differ substantially from the exchange rate after abandoning the system of controls. The first part presents reforms and economic changes in Argentina after the 2001 crisis. The second part describes concepts of shadow exchange rate and speculative pressure index which were combined together to evaluate shadow exchange rate.
EN
This paper analyzes the relation between exchange rate mechanism and current account balance adjustment in the Central and Eastern European EU Member States. Exchange rates in the Central and Eastern European EU Member States differ considerably, from completely fixed exchange rate arrangements to pure floaters. During crises floater's countries experience drop in nominal and (in less extend) real effective exchange rate but very moderate adjustment in terms of current balance. Hard peg countries, following the strong increase in the internal and external imbalances in the period up until 2008, are now experiencing a very rapid economic adjustment period via through recessions.
PL
Cząstkowym celem tego artykułu jest zbadanie stacjonarności procesów stochastycznych: jednokrokowego współczynnika przeżycia (SSSR) i logarytmicznej stopy zmian SSSR. Procesy te obrazują dynamikę minimalnego drzewa rozpinającego (MST) zastosowanego w badaniu do modelowania struktury sieci par walutowych G10. Celem głównym jest zbadanie reakcji jednego z wymienionych procesów zidentyfikowanego jako proces stacjonarny na ogłoszenia wskaźnika Nonfarm Payrolls (NFP) i tym samym sprawdzenie wpływu tego ogłoszenia na zmianę struktury wspomnianej sieci. Realizacja tego celu pozwoliła jednocześnie na weryfikację metody badawczej wykorzystującej MST. Do badania wybrano kwotowania 26 par walutowych w interwale 30-minutowym i zastosowano 111 momentów ogłoszeń wskaźnika NFP. Do konstrukcji minimalnego drzewa rozpinającego zastosowano symetryczną, jeśli chodzi o korelację, miarę odległości pomiędzy kwotowaniami par walutowych, co jest odmiennym podejściem w porównaniu z takim, w którym wykorzystuje się asymetryczną ze względu na korelację miarę odległości. Wykazano, że logarytmiczna stopa zmian SSSR jest procesem stacjonarnym oraz że ogłoszenie NFP wywołuje wyprzedzające to ogłoszenie zmiany w tym procesie i tym samym w strukturze sieci par walutowych G10.
EN
The partial purpose of this paper is to examine the stationarity of stochastic processes: the single-step survival ratio (SSSR) and logarithmic rate of change in the SSSR. These processes reflect the dynamics of a minimum spanning tree (MST) which is used in this research to model the structure of the network of G10 currency pairs. The main objective is to investigate the reaction to the announcement of the Nonfarm Payrolls indicator (NFP) of one of the above listed processes which has been identified as a stationary process and thereby verify the impact of this announcement on the change in the structure of the above mentioned network. Realization of this objective has allowed concurrently for verification of the research method utilizing MST. For this study, quotations of 26 currency pairs at 30-minute intervals have been selected and 111 moments when the NFP were released have been applied. For the construction of the minimum spanning tree, as to correlation, a symmetric distance measure between the quotes of currency pairs has been exploited which is different from such an approach, which uses, in terms of the correlation, an asymmetric distance measure. It has been shown that the logarithmic rate of change in the SSSR is a stationary process and that the release of the NFP triggers the leading changes in: this process, and thereby in the structure of the network of G10 currency pairs.
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