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1

ECONOMIC AND MARKET CONDITIONS OF TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE SECTOR OF INDIVIDUAL FARMS

100%
Goraj L.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
|
2005
|
issue 4(129)
31-40
EN
During the period of transformation of Poland's economic system an essential change occurred in the level of economic equilibrium in agriculture. Consequently, the rules of the market economy implemented in the fragmented farming sector sharply revealed all the negative effects of the failure to prepare that sector for competition. The situation led to a dramatic income incapacity of the majority of farms. In addition, a considerable number of farms was eliminated from the market.The data on the incomes of farms in 2004 indicate that the greater part of farms failed to achieve the level of income per head equal to remuneration received by the average full-time worker. A comparison of the relation of agricultural net income expressed as a payment received by a person doing a full-time work on a farm with the average net pay in the national economy in 2004 shows that 16 ESU constituted the limit for farms providing pay for work at parity level. The hopes for an improvement in the economic situation of Polish farmers were and are connected with Poland's integration with the European Union and assistance programmes offered within the Common Agricultural Policy. However, the actual effects of that assistance will largely depend on the ability of the farms to absorb the available means.The data from FADN covering the last few years suggest that the economic condition of farms producing goods for the market which operate in the European Union depends not only on the economic effectiveness of production but also on their ability to absorb means offered them owing to the mechanisms of the Common Agricultural Policy.In the programming and implementation of a rational agricultural policy it is necessary to precisely define the beneficiaries of various assistance programmes and this creates an urgent need to formulate a precise definition of a farm.
2
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Problemy prawne dywersyfikacji gospodarstw rolnych w Polsce

80%
Stańko M.
Studia Iuridica Agraria
|
2010
|
vol. 8
150-165
EN
The issue of diversification of farms (agricultural holdings) is very complicated in the Polish legal system. The basic problem in this area is the lack of statutory definition in the state regulations. Due to the lack of this definition it is not possible do define clearly the purposes and directions of diversification. The indicated lack of statutory definition of diversification of agricultural holdings requires the search for the scope of this notion not only in a juridical approach but also in an economic one. On the whole, from the point of view of economic sciences diversification of farms means diversification in the structure of agricultural production as well as exploiting ground resources, capital and labour in farms for activities other than agricultural activity. It should also be added that the scale of production and incomes received from agricultural activity are determined by the condition of land resources in Polish farms, and above all, by fragmented land structure. Therefore there is no doubt that the Polish legislator should search for legal criteria for diversification which would also include the above mentioned economic parameters. The final purpose of such diversification should be the capacity to absorb the union support. In the Polish economic reality, necessity of supporting low output farms remains the main problem. This support should be based not only on the state funding but also union funding. This is a key issue for gradual change in land structure of farms. It seems essential to undertake complex activities aiming at the creation of full programme of changes in agriculture. ‘Rural’ policy of particular union states accepting legal instruments of diversification as a starting point should lead to lasting and balanced development of rural areas.
3

MILK DISPENSERS IN SLOVAKIA: WHAT IS BEHIND THE RECENT BOOM?

80%
Drábik D., Adame M.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
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2012
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vol. 60
|
issue 1
50 – 64
EN
We provide a possible explanation for the sudden appearance of milk dispensers throughout Slovakia between 2009 and 2010. We identify three main factors: (i) higher profits earned by selling raw milk through dispensers relative to those earned through milk processing plants, (ii) very short pay-back period of dispensers, and (iii) high cumulative discounted profits generated from dispensers after they pay back. Nonetheless, we do not expect that new milk dispensers will show up in the future; on the contrary, we expect their number will decrease. It is because the consumers demand for raw milk has been decreasing significantly recently, suggesting that the vending machines were only a consumer fad. As a result, the farms that pioneered the operation of milk dispensers (especially in larger cities) are now the ones that may have benefited most from the subsidy.
4
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Zmiany energochłonności produkcji w wybranych gospodarstwach rolnych województwa wielkopolskiego

80%
Pepliński B., Baum R., Wajszczuk K.
Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development
|
2012
|
issue 4(26)
69-80
EN
A comparative analysis of changes in the level of energy inputs in crop production in select-ed farms in 2001, 2009 and 2010 was presented in the paper. The analysis indicates a wide variation of energy inputs in the particular farms. In the research period the level of such in-puts per 1 ha of cereal production did not changed (although, in the case of different types of cereals, the inputs were changing from –20% to +48%), while in the case of sugar beet, the inputs were decreased even more than 50%. In the case of energy inputs calculated per 1 ton of crops, the index was growing up from 6% (grassland), through 27-32% (cereals and potatoes) to 68% (sugar beet). There was one exception – corn silage – where the index grew up.
5
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Zarzadzanie kapitalem obrotowym w gospodarstwach rolnych w 2007 roku (na podstawie danych FADN)

80%
Rys-Jurek R.
Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development
|
2011
|
issue 3(21)
95-104
EN
Article is an attempt to describe the way of the net working capital management in farms in the year 2007. Data on the farms were taken from the FADN database and include the farms from the 27 European Union countries (EU-27). A descriptive and comparative analysis was used, and also the fundamental indicators of the financial analysis were made. The analysis showed that agriculture in the EU in 2007 year was characterized by: a high share of current assets in total assets, over-liquidity and low importance of short-term liabilities, and commonly used strategy of net working capital management was an aggressive-conservative one. This strategy was characterized by a moderate profit and risk. There was also a high diversity of assets and capital structure depending on the country. The study was extended by the comparison of net working capital management in the average farms from Poland with the average one from the EU-27 according to the ESU and the agricultural type.
6

FORMS OF EXTERNAL FINANCING OF FARMS

80%
Grzelak A.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
|
2005
|
issue 4(129)
116-123
EN
The main aim of the article is to determine how often Polish farms resort in their operation to credits and leasing. Generally, the degree to which these forms of financing are used is not high, especially in the case of leasing. It should be noted, however, that an improvement has occurred in this respect as evidenced by an increase in the credit indebtedness of farms recorded between 1996 and 2002. Moreover, polarization of farms is observable as far as the use of credits is concerned. On one hand, the use of credits has become less frequent in smaller farms and, on the other hand, the number of entities drawing large credits has increased. The surveyed respondents favourably assess the effects of the use of preferential credits in their farms. It can be stated that the low popularity of leasing among Polish farmers may be attributable to the economic downturn in agriculture and the farmers' insufficient knowledge about the possibilities of using this form of financing. The results of the conducted surveys also suggest that the farms which use credits and leasing have a relatively well defined organizational-demographic profiles. This creates a chance for banks and leasing firms to more selectively prepare proposals addressed to clients from the agricultural sector.
7

THE NEED TO REVISE THE DEFINITION OF A 'FARM' * AND THE RELATED RIGHTS AND DUTIES

80%
Jozwiak W.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
|
2005
|
issue 2(127)
54-63
EN
The tendency to use every piece of arable land prevailing in Poland in the result of a definite agricultural policy adopted after the Second World War and pursued until the end of the 1980s left Poles convinced that every farm engages in production. The ownership of a farm began to be understood as the use of a farm. This is reflected in the formulation contained in one of the Polish legal acts which states that it should be surmised (without the need of documenting the fact) that 'the owner of land or the tenant, the payer of the agricultural tax or the tax on incomes from special sectors carry out agricultural activity'. The situation began to change in the early 1990s when the first farms appeared that did not engage in agricultural production. This meant that these farms did not have a holder. The notion 'farm holder' is commonly used in the literature and legal acts of West European countries, which indicates that it is useful in the contemporary conditions. Since the farm holder does not necessarily have to be the farm's owner its seems purposeful to examine the definitions 'farm' and 'farm holder' in the light of the notion 'farm owner'. The triad of these notions constitutes the subject of an analysis presented in this text. The author refers in the analysis to definitions applied in the Polish legal acts, especially in the Civil Code. *The definition 'farm conducting agricultural activity' seems more accurate since such farms most often engage in agricultural production, whereas the definition 'farm' should be reserved for entities whose incomes come from the cultivation of the soil exclusively.
8
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Bariery w zarządzaniu tradycyjnymi przedsiębiorstwami rolnymi

80%
Walaszczyk A.
Zarządzanie i Finanse
|
2012
|
vol. 1
|
issue 3
501-511
EN
The article presents the results of research on barriers in the management of traditional farms. At the same time attention was paid to the fact that the barriers in the management of farms, may vary depending on the type and forms of agricultural businesses. The study was conducted on a sample of 210 farms with traditional management system in the Lodz region broken down into its sub-regions. It also provides general information about to be inspected farms in terms of their size, time of operation, age of farmers and the industry in which the farm operates. There are six key barriers faced by farmers surveyed in the way of effective implementation of management processes. Among these barriers, with varying levels of validity, there is a lack of access to skilled units of counseling, resistance / lack of willingness to act on the part of cooperating insufficient funding, lack of support from local authorities, lack of adequate knowledge of management methods and techniques and lack of education.
9
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Gospodarstwo rolne jako masa majątkowa

80%
Czechowski P., Niewiadomski A.
Studia Iuridica Agraria
|
2010
|
vol. 8
47-59
EN
Economic analysis of a farm allows to identify all basic elements of production factors which are characteristic to farms. The elements include property (predominantly land), capital, work and organization. From the legal point of view, a farm is a basic institution of agricultural law which is described by a number of definitions depending on the underlying norms for the legal regulations. On the one hand certain definitions are based on the civil law and include assets, but on the other hand the legislators use the notion of farm to define separate issues including marketing control, taxation, retirement benefits and pensions or other social welfare issues. Several basic definitions of farm may be found in Polish and European legislation. Noticeable differences between the above definitions bear significant legal implications. Therefore, the question how to define a farm becomes somewhat problematic. Several concepts and solutions are not satisfactory. However, one of them seems to be most appropriate. A farm is defined as assets of estate. This definition facilitates the security of business transactions and encourages development of business activity in agricultural sector. Trading a farm, which is an assets of estate, is in accordance with the legal regulations in force including civil law and agricultural law regulations.
10

FARM - PROBLEMS OF A LEGAL CONCEPT

80%
Kokoszka D.
Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego
|
2008
|
vol. 17
|
issue 4
985-1042
EN
This article discusses crucial issues relating to the legal concept of a farm. An attempt to provide adequate explanation of the meaning of this notion must, however, be preluded by answers to five primal questions: (1) What is a farm as an object of law (particularly property law)? (2) What kinds of elements form integral parts of a farm? (3) What kind of relationships can be identified between the elements of a farm (i.e. why different elements may be considered as a unity)? (4) At which moment a farm comes into existence and when it ceases? (5) Is the notion of a farm conceptually and logically coherent with other legal terms? Solution to the problem is of vital importance in practice: it should settle rules of how to transfer a farm. Thus, several theories are presented and developed in order to conclude ultimately that the main arguments for 'positive' theories appear to prove unpersuasive. Besides, the legal regulation of a farm is so residual that it could give sufficient grounds for all the 'positive' theories or for none of them. Therefore, until necessary amendments are made, the legal concept of a farm should be considered as a convenient mental abbreviation rather than a specific object of law.
11
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Działania podejmowane dla usprawnienia zarządzania gospodarstwem rolniczym na przykładzie Kujawsko-Pomorskiego Ośrodka Doradztwa Rolniczego

80%
Orłowska M. J.
Zagadnienia Doradztwa Rolniczego
|
2014
|
issue 4(78)
20-33
EN
The aim of the study was to present advisory activities undertaken within the organizational and economic consulting in the Kujawsko-Pomorskie Agricultural Advisory Centre (KPODR) for improving farm management. The sources of information were data collected by KPODR from 2011–2012. The analysis showed that the Centre plays an important role in the region to improve the management of the farms. Advisors take a lot of activities (including advice, training, conferences, studies, audits, visits to farms and Publishing) having a chance to significantly improve the quality of decisions taken at the farm, both current and long-term. Farmers cooperating with the Centre gain knowledge relevant to the current operation of farms, allowing for an assessment of the economic situation and the possibilities for further development of farms and sources of financing for planned investments.
12
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UWARUNKOWANIA ZARZĄDZANIA RYZYKIEM NA PRZYKŁADZIE WYBRANYCH GOSPODARSTW ROLNYCH

80%
Marks-Bielska R.
Zagadnienia Doradztwa Rolniczego
|
2018
|
issue 2(92)
115-130
EN
This paper has been dedicated the risk management on farms. The aim of this paper was to present the opinion of a selected group of farmers on the subject concerning risk occurring in agriculture as well as to show a proposal to improve management in order to minimize risk. The research method required to raise the results, was the diagnostic survey and there has been used the questionnaire as a research tool. The research was carried out in a group of 40 managers or working on farms. Improper risk management has led to situation’s deterioration in agriculture. Significant percent of respondents (58,82%), those did not have knowledge about risk management recognized that farm keeping is unprofitable, while among respondents familiar with risk management (21,74%), recognized farm keeping as a unprofitable. Results of research can be used to make changes in improperly risk management in farms. Showing of the problem should allow the implementation of trainings or help the farmers in subject of prevention of risk or counteraction with its impact. That can consequently lead to improve the functioning of farms, improve the safety and stability and decrease level of expose related to occurring risk.
13
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DZIAŁANIA PODEJMOWANE DLA WSPIERANIA ROLNIKÓW W ORGANIZOWANIU GRUP PRODUCENTÓW ROLNYCH NA PRZYKŁADZIE KUJAWSKO-POMORSKIEGO OŚRODKA DORADZTWA ROLNICZEGO

80%
Orłowska M. J.
Zagadnienia Doradztwa Rolniczego
|
2016
|
issue 1(83)
39-49
EN
It presents the activities undertaken in Kujawsko-Pomorski Agricultural Advisory Centre (KPODR) to support farmers in organizing themselves in groups of producers. It used KPODR reporting data from 2011-2015. Analysis showed that the centre plays an important role in the region in helping farmers to organize producer groups. Advisors take a number of actions (including advice, training, conferences, studies, vetting and publishing) also they assist in the preparation of documents for the establishment and registration of groups, making changes in the plan and in investigation plan. It also conducts activities to facilitate the proper functioning of the existing producer groups related to the implementation of the new legislation, assistance in obtaining EU funds and support the ongoing activities of individual groups. KPODR is also promoting the idea of the creation of producer groups.
14

Vplyv rivnya derzhavnoyi pidtrymky na ekonomichnyy mekhanizm funktsionuvannya fermers'kykh hospodarstv

70%
Karlik U. U., Bigdan M. G.
Mekhanizm Rehuluvannya Economiky
|
2012
|
vol. 1 (55)
136-140
EN
In the article the level of state support of development of farms and importance of forming of economic mechanism of functioning of enterprises of agrarian sector are certain, taking into account crediting, level of the actual financing of charges and instability of economic space.
15
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OCENA SKŁADU NAWOZÓW NATURALNYCH W WYBRANYCH GOSPODARSTWACH ROLNYCH Z PÓŁNOCNEGO MAZOWSZA

70%
Pietrzak S., Fila J.
Zagadnienia Doradztwa Rolniczego
|
2016
|
issue 3(85)
87-96
EN
The paper presents evaluation results of determination the composition of natural fertilizers used in farms from the north Mazovia, treating these results as an important carrier of information for the development of research and an advisory. It was found in particular that values determined in the laboratory macronutrients in natural fertilizers were varied according to their origin and type, as well as within their different groups. The content of analyzed components in natural fertilizers and their dry weight was strongly correlated with each other. On the basis of achieved results the following needs were identified a) develop an objective classification of natural fertilizers based on the contents of its dry matter b) investigating alternative or simplified methods of assessing the composition of natural fertilizers c) marking total nitrogen and its mineral forms mainly ammonium nitrogen as a part of standard procedures within natural fertilizers tests.
16
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Zastosowanie modeli przyczynowo-skutkowych do oceny czynnikow sukcesu gospodarstw rolniczych – porownanie wybranych metod

51%
Sroka W.
Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej
|
2012
|
issue 3(332)
28-42
EN
The paper presents the application of multi-dimensional cause and effect models. The author focused on the presentation of methodical assumptions and the practical application of the regression analysis along with the method of structural equations as part of the assessment of factors behind the success of farms. A database was analyzed which was prepared based on a questionnaire/interview conducted in 163 leading farms in the region of the Carpathian Mountains. The paper also presents a set of variables explaining and representing factors that hypothetically have the greatest impact on the success of farms: labor, land, production technology, market relations, budget transfers, human capital, progress absorption and accumulation possibilities of farms.
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