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1

POLAND'S BILATERAL FOREIGN TRADE BALANCES IN 1993-2006 (Bilateralne salda handlu zagranicznego Polski w latach 1993-2006)

100%
Mlodkowski P.
Contemporary Economics
|
2009
|
issue 2(10)
5-12
EN
Bilateral trade balances are an important cause for frictions in international trade relations. Therefore, recognizing their causes is essential. The paper presents an attempt to empirically verify theory that could be used for explaining Poland's foreign trade imbalance. The main hypothesis combines the macroeconomic imbalance with bilateral trade imbalance. The main assumption is that bilateral trade imbalances result from the aggregate trade imbalance. It is somehow natural for countries with permanent deficits in foreign trade to experience bilateral deficits in trade with countries experiencing permanent surpluses. For the studied case of Poland, this theory allows for forecasting trade balances on the basis of aggregate macroeconomic imbalance. Empirical study for the period from 1993 to 2006 shows that there are no reasons to reject the posed hypothesis. However, for forecasting bilateral trade balances the theory is insufficient due to significant asymmetry.
2
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THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND FOREIGN COMPETITION ON LABOUR EARNINGS IN POLAND

100%
Stepien E.
Ekonomia. Rynek, Gospodarka, Społeczeństwo
|
2009
|
issue 24
39-60
EN
This paper investigates the influence of international trade and increasing foreign competition on earnings in Poland. Using disaggregated income data for skilled labour in the years 1999 and 2004, and OLS and IV estimation methods it examines the impact of liberalisation of international trade and foreign direct investment flows between Poland and the European Union. The conducted analysis suggests that increased competition forces domestic firms to raise the salaries of the best educated workers.
3

SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES -LOCAL CONNECTIONS TO THE GLOBAL MARKET (Male i srednie przedsiebiorstwa - lokalne powiazania z globalnym rynkiem)

80%
Bakiewicz A.
Afryka, Azja, Ameryka Lacinska (Africa, Asia, Latin America )
|
2006
|
vol. 83
89-104
EN
Our knowledge about the scope and scale of SMEs participation in global economic flows is rather small. Few studies of the issue show limited export potential of the sector and concentrate on numerous barriers faced by smaller firms on the world market. Does the low share of SMEs in exports mean that internationalisation of the sector is very limited? Disintegration of business activities that can be observed now covers almost all spheres of economic activity - from R&D to distribution and from manufacturing to office services. The cases shown in the paper confirm that today's business environment is more conductive to expansion of SMEs cooperating with larger companies than ever before. More, it seems that current changes in business organisation might be of great importance for SMEs internationalisation. So, positive patterns of SMEs cooperation with large internationalized companies give us an idea about the exact ways in which smaller companies can participate in global trade. It is argued in the paper that traditional understanding of foreign trade has restricted value for the analysis of SMEs presence in the global market because it provides underestimated share of SMEs' in worldwide trade. It seems that to cover the role of all firms which products are sold abroad - no matter of the character of their contribution - extended approach to the studies of international trade should be applied. In this approach both passive and active participation, direct and indirect ones should be taken into account to get entire image of the SMEs role in global market.
4

VPLYV SILNÉHO RASTU NA ZMENY ŠTRUKTÚRY A TRH PRÁCE V SLOVENSKEJ EKONOMIKE

80%
Gabrielová H., Rumpelová D.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2007
|
vol. 55
|
issue 6
554-569
EN
The aim of this paper is to characterize the progress of changing position of the economic sectors, branches and situation on the labour market due to the influence of a huge economic growth. There is an analysis of the trends in GDP branch structure, labour market, production changes and foreign trade with focus on the changes in its technological intensity. The concluding part of the paper analyses changes in financial position of the corporations.
5

ZHODNOTENIE VÝVOJA VZŤAHOV SLOVENSKEJ EKONOMIKY SO ZAHRANIČÍM V ROKU 2006

80%
Šikulová I.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2007
|
vol. 55
|
issue 6
570-581
EN
As Slovakia is a small open economy, its success depends to a great extent on development of its external economic relations. In 2006, the Slovak Republic recorded balance-of-payments deficit for the second time since the split of the Czechoslovak Federation. At the beginning, this article analyses the development of the balance of the payment's main components compared with the data from the previous periods. The second part of the paper deals with foreign trade including its territorial and commodity structure, as well as openness of the Slovak economy in international comparison. The following part analyzes the foreign capital movements. Particular attention is given to foreign direct investment inflows into the country, regarding both its regional structure and comparison of FDI inflows with the other new EU member states. The conclusion focuses on expected development in 2007 that indicates positive trends in the external economic relations of Slovakia.
6

Foreign Trade and Employment (Theoretical Approach)

80%
Bartosik K.
Ekonomista
|
2005
|
issue 2
191-213
EN
The intensified studies on the influence of foreign trade on employment were provoked by the globalization of the world economy. The majority of studies are based on the traditional theory of trade, which views the changes in employment in the light of alterations in the structure of output. The limited power of this theory to explain certain phenomena caused by trade on the labour market, as well as the results of empirical research have been conducive to the evolution of research on one hand, and to the development of alternative directions of studies on the other. The emergence of models that include varying elasticity of labour markets and international outsourcing is the manifestation of the first tendency, while one of the signs of the second tendency is the inclusion, in the studies of foreign trade's impact on employment, of changes in labour productivity, bargaining power of trade unions and the elasticity of demand for labour.
7

THE POLISH EXPORT IN 1786 (Eksport Korony w 1786 roku)

80%
Guldon Z., Kazusek S.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
|
2009
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vol. 57
|
issue 2
193-214
EN
Research on foreign trade in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the second half of the 18th c. has been largely neglected for many years, and the basic findings in that area, especially those by Tadeusz Korzon, suggest that the problem should be reconsidered. The topic requires new research first of all in order to verify the unfounded theses about the downturn in the economy being one of the reasons of the political crisis and the fall of the country. This claim seems to be contradicted by the long-established theories about the development of the country's economy, including foreign trade, in the period before the partitions. In view of that, it is difficult to maintain that the recession was one of the reasons of the partitions; it should rather be assumed that it was largely a result of the actions undertaken by the partitioners, especially by the king of Prussia Frederick II. New material to research the topic can be found in the numerous and interesting initiatives to improve the situation in trade which were voiced by publicists at the end of the 18th c. It is also significant that income from customs duty was very important for the state budget. New data can be obtained from the surviving balance sheets of the exports and imports of the Crown of Poland in the years 1786-1790. The article discusses only one of those documents. The data show very precisely the scale of exchange between the Crown and its closest neighbours, i.e. Austria, Prussia and Russia, Turkey and Wallachia taken together. They also point to very characteristic tendencies in foreign trade, including the transit of commodities.
8

VÝVOJ ZAHRANIČNÉHO OBCHODU ZÁPADNÉHO BALKÁNU VO SVELTE POKRAČUJÚCEJ EKONOMICKEJ INTEGRÁCIE REGIÓNU

80%
Gabrielová P.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2013
|
vol. 61
|
issue 7
722 – 736
EN
The article deals with development of foreign trade of the Western Balkans in the light of its on-going economic integration with European Union and also within the region. The analysis is contextualized within the framework of neoclassical theories of international trade (mainly Viner´s theory of custom union) and verifies two main hypotheses. The first hypothesis deals with impact of the EU enlargement policy on economic integration of the Western Balkans and to it associated intensification of mutual trade relations. The second hypothesis addresses the issue of trends in the development of foreign trade of the region with the EU in the context of advancement of economic integration in the region of Western Balkans, thus the potential growth of intraregional trade to the detriment of trade with the EU.
9
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Znaczenie regionalnych porozumień handlowych Unii Europejskiej w handlu zagranicznym Polski na tle wybranych państw członkowskich

80%
Pera B.
Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs
|
2015
|
issue 3
101-120
EN
The aim of the paper is to present the impact of EU preferential agre¬ements on Polish and selected Member States trade exchange. The EU preferential agreements compared to main states participating in global trade were reviewed at the beginning. Afterwards the infl uence of these regulations on EU export and import was included in the paper. The empirical research based on statistical data on Polish, Czech, Austrian and Swedish export and import with non member countries that signed the preferential agreements was presented in the paper. The study covered the period 2007–2013 and included trade flows with developed and developing countries. Moreover the goods were divided intotwo groups: primary and manufactured products. The EU regional trade agreements being currently under negotiations were considered in the paper as well. The countries which concluded preferential agreements have rather low share in Polish export and import comparing to Austrian and Swedish foreign trade.
10

SÚČASNÉ TRENDY VO VÝVOJI PRODUKCIE NA SLOVENSKU

80%
Gabrielová H.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2006
|
vol. 54
|
issue 5
426-441
EN
The main aim of this paper is to characterize the circumstances under which high economic growth, that was achieved in 2005, was reflected in the different segments of the supply side of the economy. The paper analyzes the development of GDP from the perspective of its branches, trends in the development of the main branches, changes in the financial positions of corporations. The last part of the paper focuses on the dynamics of the Slovak foreign trade, especially the changes in the technological competitiveness of this sector.
11

BREXIT – THE VISEGRAD COUNTRIES’ PERSPECTIVE

70%
Dováľová G., Hošoff B., Majzlíková E.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2019
|
vol. 67
|
issue 10
1013 – 1034
EN
The article deals with the possible implications of Brexit for the V4 countries from the perspective of foreign trade and labour market. Analysing Brexit from the perspective of the V4 countries is essential due to the importance of the UK as the Visegrad countries trade partner. By analysing direct and indirect effects on value added and employment generated by exports to the UK using the multi-regional input-output model, we were able to identify the exposure to Brexit in the V4 countries in terms of value added and employment. Results suggest that the V4 countries belong to the group of countries with a medium risk, particularly in mechanical engineering, automotive industry and electrical engineering. The importance of the UK as a trade partner for the V4 countries has been rising steadily throughout the years and therefore it is important to keep these economic relations as close as possible.
12

QUALITATIVE CHANGES IN CHINA’S FOREIGN TRADE IN THE ERA OF “NEW NORMAL”

70%
Brocková K., Grešš M., Karpenko L., Lipková Ľ.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2020
|
vol. 68
|
issue 10
1126 – 1151
EN
Since the second decade of the 21st century, the Chinese economy has reached a qualitatively higher stage of development. In literature, this development stage is referred to as the “new normal” and is characterized by the balancing of disproportions in the Chinese economy. The present paper deals with the qualitative changes in Chinese foreign trade from the end of the global financial crisis to the present “new normal” era. The main aim of the paper is to examine the qualitative changes in the commodity structure of China’s exports and imports during the “new normal” in the second decade of the 21st century. We conclude that during this period, the Chinese economy was transformed into an economy with a high GDP share of innovative secondary and tertiary sectors with a change in the commodity structure of foreign trade in favour of high valued products. We conclude that China’s position in the world economy is changing from a “world factory” to an innovative economy.
13
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Stosunki handlowe Unii Europejskiej i Polski z krajami AKP w obszarze rynków produktów rolno-żywnościowych w latach 2000-2009

70%
Kita K.
Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development
|
2012
|
issue 1(23)
49-60
EN
The aim of the paper is to examine key trends in the European Union’s trade policy towards the African, Caribbean and Pacific group of states (ACP), as well as to identify main changes in the commodity structure of the European (and Polish) agri-food trade. The results showed that for the ACP countries, the European market is perceived as a source of food industry while the EU (including Poland) imports from ACP region coffee, tea and cocoa. This confirms a certain specialization of production and trade in ACP countries. Both, the European Union and Poland, are net importers of agri- food products from the ACP region.
14

FINANCIAL AND TRADE INTEGRATION OF SELECTED EU REGIONS: DYNAMIC CORRELATION AND WAVELET APPROACH

61%
Kučerová Z., Poměnková J.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2015
|
vol. 63
|
issue 7
686 – 704
EN
We evaluate the process of financial and trade integration in 26 European Union (EU) countries over the period 1993 – 2012. We distinguish between “new” and “old” EU countries to compare the processes of financial and trade integration in the developed countries and formerly central-planned economies. We use classical and moving correlation, dynamic correlation and wavelet co-spectrum. The classical and moving correlation shows the strong relation until 2008. The dynamic correlation confirms strong relation for long and business cycle frequencies. Specification via wavelet co-spectrum reveals that long frequencies are correlated in the period 200 – 2009, business cycle frequencies in the period 1993 – 1994 and 2003 – 2004 and middle frequencies generally in the period 2008 – 201. The process of financial integration was stronger in the old EU member countries while the process of trade integration in the new member countries.
15

VPLYV KOMPARATÍVNYCH VÝHOD NA PREHLBOVANIE VZÁJOMNÝCH ZAHRANIČNOOBCHODNÝCH VZŤAHOV SLOVENSKA A RUSKA

61%
Kašťáková E.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2012
|
vol. 60
|
issue 7
746 – 762
EN
Once again Russia plays a significant role in a current redistribution of political and economic power structures that affect formation of multipolar world economy. Strong interest of Slovakia is promotion of bilateral cooperation with Russia in future. Slovak and Russian companies search for new possibilities and effective ways of economic partnership. Participation of Slovak Republic has special priority on the perspective energy partnership between European Union and Russian Federation, especially on providing of raw materials and development of already existing transit infrastructure. There are three possible scenarios for trade and economic cooperation between Slovakia and Russia in next decade, which is a crucial indicator of the level of bilateral political relations.
16

EFFECTS OF FOREIGN AGRI-FOOD TRADE LIBERALIZATION IN SOUTH EAST EUROPE

61%
Matkovski B., Radovanov B., Zekic S.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2018
|
vol. 66
|
issue 9
945 – 966
EN
Market liberalization in the countries of South East Europe (SEE), which was a consequence of free trade agreements with the European Union (EU) and the countries of the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA), led to changes in foreign trade flows of these countries’ agri-food products. As agri-food products are a significant part of total foreign trade in these countries, the objective of this paper is to analyse the liberalization effects established by CEFTA and EU integration. A gravity model for panel data was estimated for the agri-food sector of all SEE countries for the period 2005 – 2015, and databases from UN Comtrade and the World Bank were used to create an empirical base for this study. The results confirmed the importance of CEFTA integration, which made a significant contribution to imports and exports within this sector in most SEE countries. Additionally, the results showed that the Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA) with the EU had limited effects on the import and export of agri-food products in SEE countries.
17

SLOVAK ECONOMIC GROWTH AND THE CONSISTENCY OF THE BALANCE-OF-PAYMENTS CONSTRAINT APPROACH

61%
Soukiazis E., Muchová E., Lisý J.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2013
|
vol. 61
|
issue 9
879 – 896
EN
The present study aims at verifying whether the balance-of-payments constrained growth approach is suitable for explaining the Slovak growth performance after 1993. We use Thirlwall’s Law to predict actual growth of the Slovak economy based on the estimation of the income elasticity of demand for imports and exports, respectively. The income elasticity of demand for imports is obtained by employing 2SLS assuming that domestic income is endogenous. It is shown that the Slovak economy grew at a higher rate than the rate consistent with the balance-of-payments equilibrium at the cost of accumulating current account deficits. A sustainable solution should be focused on reducing the income elasticity of the demand for imports and increasing exports growth. In order the country not to fall into a balance-of-payments constrained growth trap policies must be designed to reduce the country´s dependence on imports by producing higher quality tradable goods.
18
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“Čínské obchody“ škodových závodů před první světovou válkou

61%
Skřivan Jr. A.
Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)
|
2012
|
vol. 20
|
issue 1
35-59
EN
From the beginning of the 20th century to the outbreak of the First World War Škoda Works was trying hard to intensify its export activities. One of the countries where the company endeavored to market its products at that time was China under the Qing Dynasty. The “Chinese business” of Škoda Works in the last years before the war, however, has been paid very little attention to by researchers. Some experts believe that Škoda, based in Pilsen, played an important role in the economic contacts between Austria-Hungary and China, the “Empire of the Center”, and proved quite successful in that market, particularly in the arms trade. The primary aim of the present study is to either confirm or refute this hypothesis. The author also tries to throw more light on the nature of Škoda’s “Chinese business” and, primarily, to disclose by examining unpublished sources some circumstances that have been unknown until now. The author’s research confirmed the initial hypothesis saying that in Škoda’s exports to China before World War I arms trade absolutely prevailed or, more precisely, that the author could not identify any major export of non-military nature. Škoda Works ranked undoubtedly among the Austro-Hungarian companies that showed much interest in the Chinese market, and also among the businesses that were ultimately strongly affected by the difficulties in claiming debts in China. Investigating Škoda’s “Chinese business” prior to World War I is quite difficult. At the first glance, several factors can be identified that make Škoda’s alleged success in the form of major contracts signed during the last prewar years of great political instability in China rather questionable. Most of the deliveries contracted in those documents were not eventually carried out. Nevertheless, the above facts should not lead us to any unilateral misleading conclusions. Škoda’s “Chinese business” cannot be certainly considered an apparent failure. In spite of the non-implementation of some contracts and of some additional controversial events Škoda Works became established under quite difficult conditions in the Chinese market. The main obstacle that made it impossible to realize most of the deliveries was the First World War, i.e., an objective fact that Škoda was unable to influence. In view of the coming events, the main “Chinese contracts” were signed too late, so that Škoda had missed the right time.
19

LIBERALIZÁCIA SVETOVÉHO OBCHODU: VÝZNAM A ÚČINKY REGIONÁLNYCH DOHÔD (NA PRÍKLADE EURÓPSKEJ ÚNIE A KANADY)

51%
Ružeková V.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2013
|
vol. 61
|
issue 9
963 – 982
EN
Deepening globalization of the world economy characterized by a growing volume of cross-border transactions of goods, services and capital, initiates an objective need for liberalization of international trade. Formation of preferential trading agreement, such as free trade agreements (FTAs), brings urgent need to assess and quantifies the effects of FTAs by General Equilibrium Model (CGE). CGE model was used to assess the effects of the upcoming Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between EU and Canada. The quantitative analysis estimates the potential economic effects of the full removal of tariffs on bilateral trade in goods, a partial reduction of the cost of non-tariff barriers on trade in goods, and a partial liberalization of bilateral trade in services. Canada and the EU launched negotiations for CETA in 2009, and have a target date of early 2012 for completing them.
20

DIASPORA AS EXTERNAL ECONOMIC SOURCE OF HUMAN RESOURCES FOR THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HOME COUNTRY

51%
Hovhanesian H., Shkarupa E. V.
Mekhanizm Rehuluvannya Economiky
|
2012
|
vol. 2 (56)
167-175
EN
The competition for the economic development is becoming crueller global and any methods could be essential for it. In this situation, the immigration is a loss of economic resources for the country, but it could be turned into a valuable external source of human resources, if the country has a well developed long run strategy targeted to diaspora. The country with huge diaspora is better to build its diaspora directed strategy on creation of ownership among them toward economic development of their home country. In this case diaspora could be turned into huge pool of external human resources for the home country. It is foreign trade promotion tool for the guest and home countries as well, if the economy of the guest country has this need. The activities of the Government of Armenia targeted on Diaspora possibly could be not considered as cautiously, continuously and strategically developed one taking into consideration more than 8 million Armenian spread all over the world. In most cases Diaspora involvements of home country development were Diaspora driven and the steps taken by the Government of Armenia could not be assessed as a proactive.
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