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1

EXPLORATION AND RECONSTRUCTION OF THE WESTERN AREA OF THE EARLY MEDIEVAL FORTIFIED SETTLEMENT IN SPISSKE TOMASOVCE

100%
Salkovsky P.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2006
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vol. 54
|
issue 2
239-257
EN
The paper presents the results of research on one area of the Early Medieval fortified settlement called Hradisko I in Spisske Tomasovce. The trapezoid-shaped area of approx. 3 ha. is from three sides fortified by a rampart of a timber chamber construction with outer stone wall. On the fourth eastern side the ramparts were joined to a rocky hillside of a possible acropolis of the fortified settlement Hradisko. The technical parameters of the fortification were not unified; the northern mound was 3.9-4 m wide, the western one did not reach 3.2 m. Dimensions of the chambers, which were indicated by the strips of burnt subsoil and remains of woods, ranged between 1.5-2 m x 1.9-2.3 m. The analyzed samples of woods proved mostly spruce and pine. The timber base grates and a vertical timbering of inner rampart wall were found at the northern mound. Considering the rampart strategy and static, the sorest points - the north-western corner, the gate in this corner and that in the western part of the northern mound - were reinforced with a special construction. The draining system of the surface waters was revealed, too. In front of the northern rampart a ditch up to 2 m deep and 7.5-8 m wide was found. The other ditch outside the northern rampart, with its dimensions alike the former one, and destruction of a stone-earthen mound indicate existence of the another smaller fortified area (of approx. 35 x 80 m). The type of the ramparts enclosing the main area represents a principal fortification technology in Slavic mid-Danubian (Great Moravian) defense construction in the 9th-10th centuries. Almost thirty fortified settlements that were built by analogical technology have been known from the regions of Slovakia, Moravia, Austria and Czech republic, another were explored between the Elbe and the Saale rivers, in Silesia and the Little Poland. Usually they are connected with the east-Frankish influence on local defense architecture, secondarily they are considered to be the influences of the Great Moravia or later Czech state. Considering the construction static, technology and the used materials, assumed height of the western rampart together with a palisade breast is approx. 2.6-3.6 m and of the northern rampart 3.6-4.1 m. Briefly calculated amounts of the construction material needed for 520 m long unequally thick mound of the main area on the terrace are: about 270 cubic m of timber for the chambers, about 60 cubic m of timber for the palisades, 1000 cubic m stone for the screens and 2250 cubic m of earth for the chamber fillings, what is together 3600 cubic m of the construction material, i. e. almost 7 cubic m of the construction material for a standard meter. Based on its superpositions, the fortification is dated to the terminal 8th up to the middle 9th centuries.
2
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VEĽKOMORAVSKÉ OBJEKTY Z OPEVNENÉHO SÍDLISKA V MUŽLE-ČENKOVE

88%
Hanuliak M.
Konštantínove listy
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2017
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vol. 10
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issue 2
35 – 42
EN
This study brings information about the structure, importance and development of the settlement in the locality Mužla-Čenkov from the 9th to the 10th century situated on the left bank of the Danube River. The finds fund helped to sort out the members of elite from the population, to determine their dwellings and to elucidate their relation to the construction built on the edge of their burial ground. It turned out that the fortification was built later, when the centre was threatened by external enemies. Only at that time the settlement with important economic potential changed into a Great Moravian fortified settlement.
3

EARLY MEDIEVAL HILLFORTS. COMMENTS ON THE CONSTRUCTION AND LIFESPAN OF FORTIFICATIONS BASED ON MODERN RECONSTRUCTIONS IN MODRÁ NEAR VELEHRAD

88%
Galuška L.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2021
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vol. 69
|
issue suppl 2
449 – 466
EN
The paper discusses questions related to the determination of the lifespan and functionality of wood-soil fortifications of early medieval hillforts. The paper builds on our experiences gained during nearly twenty years of observations at the archaeological open-air museum in Modrá near Velehrad in Moravia, Czech Republic. We compare our findings with other archaeological open-air museums and research concerning fortifications. The paper presents older as well as the most recent reconstructions of fortifications built in Modrá between the years 2020 and 2021. Those constructions are then compared with similar fortifications recently reconstructed on the Bojná-Valy hillfort near Topoľčany in Western Slovakia. Finally, we briefly discuss several questions concerning hillforts and their fortifications in the Great Moravian times (9th c.).
4

BASTIÓNOVÉ PEVNOSTI A KOŠICKÁ CITADELA

75%
Orosová M., Žažová H.
Vojenská história
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2017
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vol. 21
|
issue 4
7 – 41
EN
In the presented study, the authors focus on the development of fortification architecture of the 16th and 17th century and the citadel of Košice as a significant fortress of the Habsburg monarchy defence system. Gradually, they introduce the readers to individual engineering branches in Europe (Old Italian, New Italian, Old Dutch, Old German, New Dutch, French, New Prussian and Austrian), as well as the differences in the construction elements of individual fortification systems. The citadel of Košice, (1671 – early 18th century) belongs to the circuit of modern renaissance or even baroque bastion fortresses. It was built in the southern suburb of Košice and several personalities were involved in its construction, including Colonel Jakub von Holst; captain of the Upper Hungarian Chief Captaincy seated in Košice, Paris de Spankau; the royal builder, Lucas Georg Sicha; and his assistant military building master, Giovanni Alessandro Canevale.
5

PRÍPRAVA PODKLADOV PRE KOMPLEXNÚ OBNOVU MESTSKÉHO OPEVNENIA V MODRE. PRÍKLAD SPOLUPRÁCE MEDZI FA STU A FF UK V BRATISLAVE

75%
Gregorová J., Petrášová S., Kačírek Ľ.
Muzeológia a kultúrne dedičstvo
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2013
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vol. 1
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issue 2
75 – 87
EN
Restoration and preservation of urban systems, such as town fortifications, is a complex issue which requires a systematic approach in order to achieve compatibility between the aims and goals of conservationists, design architects and municipal administration. This paper describes a methodology for the preparation of project documentation for the restoration of town fortification in the city of Modra. With some modifications, it can be applied to similar situations in documenting the development of urban space in Slovakia or abroad.
6

POROVNANIE VÝSLEDKOV TERÉNNEJ PROSPEKCIE A LETECKÉHO SKENOVANIA HRADISKA NA VEĽKOM A MALOM LYSCI

75%
Bisták P., Borzová Z., Borza M.
Studia Historica Nitriensia
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2017
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vol. 21
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issue suppl.
49 - 60
EN
The multi-seasonal archaeological investigation of the Lusatian hillfort and its catchment area on the hilltop and slopes of Veľký and Malý Lysec has brought interesting results in the recent years. They are mainly related to the study of material culture, identification of several settlement areas as well as the course of fortification. However, in non-destructive terrain research (i. e. identification, documenting and mapping) of immovable monuments in the forest environment and in the interpretation, using methods of remote landscape survey is almost inevitable. Airborne laser scanning and its further processing by means of an innovative method using Proxima technology is one of such methods; it has brought new knowledge in identification and interpretation of terrain relics on the studied hillfort. Comparing and evaluation of the main results of terrain prospecting and airborne laser scanning using Proxima technology is the basic aim of our article.
7

ZNOVUOBJAVENÁ RYBÁRSKA BRÁNA A JEJ GOTICKÉ PREDBRÁNIE NA FRESKE POSSONIA VO FLORENCII

75%
Musilová M.
ARS
|
2016
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vol. 49
|
issue 1
50 – 67
EN
The appearance of the Fisherman’s Gate can be seen in the 1563 historical veduta of the town by Hans Mayer and the unique mural painting POSSONIA at the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence. The archaeological survey in 2001 revealed surprisingly well preserved remnants of the Gothic fore-gate of Fisherman’s Gate. Uncovered murals represent the most valuable part of the fore-gate, which is a unique example of 15th century Gothic fortification architecture in Slovakia. The discovery and presentation of the remains of Fisherman’s Gate based on the survey conducted by the Municipal Monument Preservation Institute in Bratislava was granted the “2001 Discovery of the Year” award and the medal Europa Nostra 2002 for the protection of cultural heritage of the European Union.
8

VRÁBLE-FIDVÁR – CENTRÁLNE SÍDLISKO EURÓPSKEHO VÝZNAMU. OSÍDLENIE ZO STARŠEJ DOBY BRONZOVEJ

75%
Bátora J., Tóth P., Rassmann K., Müller-Scheeßel N.
Studia Historica Nitriensia
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2017
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vol. 21
|
issue suppl.
19 - 33
EN
The archaeological site Vráble-Fidvár belongs to one of the most well-known sites in Slovakia. Current field activities have been realized since 2007 within the framework of the joint Slovak-German project the aim of which has been to explore the origin, development and the fall of the fortified settlement from the viewpoint of a broad spectrum of research disciplines. A geo-magnetic survey detected several components from Prehistory and Proto-history. Field-walking survey and excavation were carried out in different areas within the large settlement complex from the Early Bronze Age. They showed that the houses in the central part of the settlement (acropolis) differed from others in their architecture and building materials. Eastward and southward from the fortification, there are dozens of storage pits which may the evidence of different reserve management. The burial ground was located approximately 300 m south of the fortified area. Up till now there have been excavated 37 graves dated to the Únětice Culture; an absolute majority of them were secondarily opened. An important aspect of the formation of the Early Bronze Age settlement was a suitable geographical location and proximity to sources of the non-ferrous metal ores.
9

FRÜHBRONZEZEITLICHE BEFESTIGUNGEN IM OBEREN ŽITAVATAL: PROZESSE VON SYNOIKISMOS UND DIOIKISMOS

75%
Muller-Scheeßel N., Gerbecks P., Rassmann K.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2020
|
vol. 68
|
issue suppl 1
417 – 428
EN
During recent research in the Upper Žitava valley, previously unknown Early Bronze Age fortifications were discovered near Hul and Vlkas. They probably represented the seat of relatively small social groups. In the Žitava valley only the site Vráble-Fidvár grew beyond this early stage into a large settlement of an area of up to 12 ha. In the course of a process of synoicism, the other sites were abandoned voluntarily or involuntarily, and the social groups there probably moved to Vráble. We may assume that this has also led to social division and hierarchisation, with the newcomers being dominated by the small group that had initially occupied Vráble. At the end of the Early Bronze Age in the course of a kind of dioicism, the large settlement of Vráble was abandoned. Afterwards, small settlements again dominated the settlement pattern.
10

STREDOVEKÝ HRÁDOK V DIVINKE A DIVINE

75%
Holeščák M., Slaná A.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2020
|
vol. 68
|
issue 2
335 – 351
EN
The article focuses on the archaeological excavations of a stronghold situated on the border of cadastral areas of the villages Divina and Divinka, conducted by the authors of the paper in two summer seasons of 2018 and 2019. The site is situated on a conical hill with a two-tiered platform, on the top of which stood probably a wooden tower-like structure, protected by three lines of fortifications. A rampart was built at the foot of this castle, from which a wooden-clay structure has been preserved. At the edge of the main plateau was a second wooden-clay rampart reinforced with stone, which succumbed to fire. The last line of the fortification was a palisade, which protected the tower-like building. Based on a radiocarbon analysis supported by archaeological material, ceramics and arrowheads, it is possible to date the construction of the stronghold to the final quarter of the 13th century. Written reports on the construction of the site are non-existent. Based on the territorial ownership of the area, it can be assumed that it took place under the responsibility of the ancestors of the Balaša family, Biter, his brother Petr and his heirs. The fortification either served as the estate of the administrator of the valley of the stream Divina, or as a checkpoint on the Váh road or its branch. The demise of the locality, which lasted only a short time due to the compactness of the material, can be connected most probably with the territorial ambitions of Matthew III Csák of Trenčín, after which the process of restoration no longer took place and the newly created village Divina began to grow under the researched hill.
11
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OPEVNENIE ZO STARŠEJ DOBY BRONZOVEJ ALEBO RONDEL LENGYELSKEJ KULTÚRY Z DEMANDÍC?

75%
Chebenová P., Cheben M.
Študijné zvesti
|
2021
|
vol. 68
|
issue 2
227 - 237
EN
In the cadastral area of Demandice village, site of Čepiec a circular fortified area was captured during an aerial prospecting in 1998. After subsequent geophysical measurement and surface collection, it was found to be a rondel from the Lengyel culture. In the years 2013 and 2015, an intensive geophysical as well as surface collecting survey was carried out at the site. The main aim of which was to try to date the circular moat fortified area more accurately. During the survey, two, next to each other, typologically different areas were localized (the moat fortified area and a settlement), which were also confirmed by the geophysical survey. The analysis of the ceramic material from both sites showed that both areas belong to the period of the Early Bronze Age – the Hatvan culture. The interpretation of the geophysical measurement with the 16-channel magnetometer confirmed the assumption that it is not a roundel of the Lengyel culture period but a moat fortified area belonging to the Hatvan culture.
12

DISCOVERIES ON FORTIFICATIONS AT TELL EL-RETABA

75%
Hudec J., Černý M., Fulajtár E., Fareed K., Nour El-Din M.
Asian and African Studies
|
2018
|
vol. 27
|
issue 1
21 – 49
EN
The article briefly outlines historical situation and structure of Nomes in the north-eastern periphery of the Nile Delta in the Old and Middle Kingdom. In relation to literary sources, such as the Instruction for king Merikare, the Prophecies of Neferti and the Tale of Sinuhe, the article evaluates the defensive potential of Wadi Tumilat and the Isthmus of Suez. It concludes that one of the Walls of the Ruler could have been in Wadi Tumilat, starting at Tell el-Retaba. The article also presents new military related finds of the 2017 season of the Polish-Slovak mission to Tell el-Retaba into a context of recent research of fortification structures at Tell el-Retaba: new discovered moats, Wall 1, Wall 2 and their gates.
13

FORTIFICATIONS AT TELL EL-RETABA

75%
Černý M., Hudec J.
Asian and African Studies
|
2016
|
vol. 25
|
issue 2
117 – 144
EN
The article deals with construction technique and materials, especially mudbricks and their composition, vis-a-vis specific situation in Tell el-Retaba. Bridging over a thousand years, the construction recommendations of Vitruvius are compared with the current situation in Tell. This article briefly describes three defence walls so far unearthed in Tell el-Retaba and focuses on the research of local ancient mudbricks. It presents results from the examinations of several samples of mudbrick and soil done during recent archaeological seasons. The samples were examined mainly by sieve analysis, testing density, dimensions, walling technique, etc., what also indirectly helps to determine approximate strength of mud bricks and their usage in single structures. The main result, grain-size curves, describing mudbrick composition and their relationship and potential reusing in constructions, are presented. Basic dimensions of the fortress’s gate – Migdol, and defence walls, based on preliminary static calculations of the bearing capacity of the subsoil are also estimated from the point of view of construction engineering.
14

BRONZE HOARDS FROM THE HILL-FORT NEAR NEMECKA (Depoty bronzovych predmetov z Hradiska pri Nemeckej)

63%
Ozdani O.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2009
|
vol. 57
|
issue 1
1-56
EN
Four hoards containing bronze artefacts, which were found illegally by a metal detector at the Lusatian hill-fort near Nemecka in 1994-1996, are professionally presented in the study. The total number of 43 artefacts comes from four independent units marked from I to IV. The hoard I included a head-band with forged geometric ornament. The hoard II consisted of twenty bronze rod neck-rings decorated with bundles of lines that make a feather ornament. The hoard III contained 18 artefacts - bronze cup of the Stillfried-Hostomice type with a bronze phalera inside it, 13 axes with socket, a sickle and two bronze cups. In the hoard IV three axes with socket and a spear were found. Around them a stone ring with diameter of approximately 1 m was formed allegedly. The finds were situated in its lower western half. Both the finder's information and the author's reconnaissance of the site proved that the finds were found out of the hill-fort area, approximately 50 m to the SSW of its shorter southern part. The hoards were situated on a terrace and followed a contour line. The groups of bronze artefacts were around 25 m distant each from the other. Analyses of revealed artefacts have dated all hoards to the Late Bronze Age. As their function is concerned, the all four cases are supposed to be votive donations. In his study the author gives also brief information on the history of the site and research. The hill-fort at the 786,3 m a. s. l. is a southern promontory of the Low Tatras mountain range. The creek Raztocky potok flows around the hill-fort from the west and the river Hron from the south. The site was situated in the N-S direction and even now its fortified line can be observed, which is the most remarkable on the southern side of the fortified area, where its height still comes up to 90 cm. The fortification was used to protect a rectangular area with dimensions of approximately 133 x 33 m. It was a small-sized hill-fort that was built as a refuge. In 1995 an investigation was led here, aimed in specification of the site chronology at first. Excavations proved that the site was settled by bearers of the Lusatian culture in the Late Bronze Age; later then in the La Tene up to the Roman periods and in the Middle Ages (the 15th cent.) as well.
15
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SVÄTÝ JUR-HILLFORT NEŠTICH – NEW INSIGHTS ON THE SETTLEMENT AND FORTIFICATION OF THE EARLY MEDIEVAL HILLFORT

63%
Milo P., Vavák J., Vágner M., Prišťáková M., Murín I., Tencer T.
Študijné zvesti
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2020
|
vol. 67
|
issue 1
103 - 127
EN
In literature, the hillfort in Svätý Jur is known as an important early medieval centre, dated back to the 9th century, most notably to its second half. However, the first evidence of the use of the site in the early medieval period comes from the 8th century. Part of the monuments could also belong to the first half of the 10th century. In addition to the central acropolis, which is defined by massive ramparts, the hillfort has two chronologically slightly younger baileys. The archaeological research took place here in the years 1957–1962 and restarted again in 2006. Nevertheless, information about the settlement density and its inner structure as well as the character of the fortification system is relatively modest. In this regard we tried to gain new knowledge by deploying a wide range of geophysical prospecting methods. Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Geo-radar survey (GPR) measurements were carried out, focusing on the fortification elements of the hillfort. Within a third used method – magnetometry, we focused on the prospection of inner area of both outer baileys. On this count, it was possible to define the internal structure of the ramparts and identify some of the constructional elements of the wall, as well as to define the extent of the inhabited area and locate several settlement structures. From the methodological point of view, the comparison of geophysical data with the results of earlier archaeological research played an important role.
16
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VÝSLEDKY PRIESKUMU NA HRADISKU NA VEĽKOM LYSCI A V JEHO ZÁZEMÍ

63%
Romsauer P., Borzová Z., Bisták P.
Študijné zvesti
|
2013
|
issue 54
81 - 90
EN
Repeated archaeological research conducted since 2012 have supported the existence of the Lusatian culture settlement also in the unfortified southern and south-eastern slopes of the Veľký Lysec peak, as well as in the platforms of the Malý Lysec peak. In the southern ridge of the Malý Lysec peak were found two lines of fortifications. Two oval depressed features, found in the saddleback between Veľký Lysec and Malý Lysec peak, relate more likely to traces of quarrying limonite than to the water tanks (cisterns). Presented assemblage of pottery fragments is not sufficient for the accurate dating of the fortified hill fort, but allows clear that the centre of settlement sites is dated back to the Hallstatt period. For today, only the modest medieval findings (Pl. II : 1, 2) are the first indication of the possible use of the settlement site in the Early Middle Age, which currently cannot be adequately assessed.
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