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1

PERSPEKTÍVY ZAČLENENIA HISTORICKEJ ARCHITEKTÚRY DO VYUČOVACIEHO PROCESU

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Župčán L.
Studia Historica Nitriensia
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2013
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vol. 17
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issue 2
237 – 245
EN
Historical architecture represents a significant component of the cultural heritage. Especially fortified architecture is a subject of interest of non-governmental organizations in recent years. It is topic of various publications, as well as area for organizing various events. It is also repeatedly presented in form of miniatures and models. The article analyses the current status and opportunities of incorporating selected aspects of the history of historical architecture in teaching process. The examples of good practice from various countries as France, Germany and Hungary are described.
2

THE ORIGINS OF THE ART OF FORTIFICATIONS AMONG THE SLAVS ACCORDING TO BYZANTINE SOURCES OF THE 6TH-7TH CENTURIES (Pierwociny slowianskiej sztuki fortyfikacyjnej wedlug zródel bizantynskich z VI-VII w.)

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Szymanski W.
Archeologia Polski
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2008
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vol. 53
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issue 1
89-96
EN
The present remarks draw from an analysis of the Greek text (with Polish translation and commentary), published a few dozen years ago, of the already well known excerpts concerning the Slavs from Pseudo-Maurice's 'Strategikon'. One finds among the fighting instructions recommendations what to do when faced with specific Slav devices. In this as in other Byzantine sources, these devices were referred to with the term 'ochiretoroi (or derivative), unanimously translated in the various studies as 'fortified' or 'entrenched' places, or more simply 'fortifications'. The complete absence of any kind of information on the appearance of these places opens the field to a variety of interpretations. One of the more common ideas is that these were distinctively defensive settlements of the Balkan Slavs. While not entirely negating this possibility, one should consider another idea suggested by a study of particular episodes from the rich calendar of military Byzantine-Slav confrontation in the 6th and 7th centuries as reported by other authors, mainly Procopius from Caesarea and Theophylactos Simokattes. Thus, a comparative analysis of the sources leads to the proposition that the 'ochiretoroi' of the 'Strategikon' was not so much a fortified settlement as some kind of defensive fieldwork built by the Slavs at the battle site. It could have been foremost a fortified wagon camp, an enclosure not unknown to many different communities, including European ones, at different times starting from Antiquity at the earliest. In a later period, in the age of stabilized Slav settlement on nominally Byzantine land, a similar name is used in the 'Miracula Sanctii Demetrii' under the date of A.D. 678 to refer to some more permanent facility, perhaps an abandoned older stronghold or a refuge fort built from scratch. One should note another aspect of the question at hand, emphasized clearly in Procopius' report: the Slav camp was located on a hill, giving the Slavs an advantage over the attacking 'Romajovie' and winning the day for them in the end. A similarly advantageous situation of the Slav camp deciding about their victory was described in a later source pertaining to a different region; it is the colorful report by Paul the Diacon of the early 8th century, telling of the ignominious defeat of the forces of prince Ferdulf of Friuli attacking some fortified Slavs. Archaeological records of all kinds of hill fortifications among the Slavs in the said period come from territories far afield from those described in the cited written sources. They constitute the next stage in development, the transition to stationary strongholds, which took full advantage of naturally defensive terrain, reinforcing it with primitive fortifications. The strongholds in question are two (Nikodimovo and Zimno) from the eastern Slav territories and one (Szeligi) from the west, generally dated to the 6th-7th centuries and demonstrating, among others, many ties in their object inventories to the southern lands. Finally, one is tempted to ask whether the Slavs' obvious preference, observed in both written and archaeological sources, for hilltop defenses of both temporary and regular nature in the beginning of the Early Middle Ages was an old tradition or a sign of extreme adaptiveness to a specific situation in newly conquered territories.
3

FORTIFICATIONS FROM THE LATE IRON AGE IN THE REGIONS OF POHRONIE AND POIPLIE

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Kovár B.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2021
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vol. 69
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issue suppl 2
57 – 68
EN
Fortified sites from the La Tène Period belong to the main research topics of Karol Pieta. He has contributed to their field excavations in the mountainous environment of Slovakia to a great extent. He also very intensely deals with their classification and dating. In the text, I try to apply his knowledge on the research of the fortified sites in the regions of the Hron and Ipeľ river basins and also confront them with the latest research. K. Pieta has distinguished several types of fortifications: hillfort, castella, small hillfort, refuge place, etc. Unlike other authors, he did not consider only the size of the fortified area, but also its use. Individual fortifications and enclosed areas might have had a practical function, social or symbolic meaning. K. Pieta promotes mainly the defensive and protective function of the fortified sites in the territory of Slovakia. There had to be real reasons and favourable conditions for existence of fortifications, as they were often large structures challenging as for work power and its organization, project with some experience as well as available sources of building material and strategical thinking of the authors. Nevertheless, he does not exclude possible central, commercial or sacral function of the fortified settlements. I have selected the regions of Pohronie and Poiplie in the analysis for three reasons – they are more or less complexly processed and their character allows application of results also for other parts of the north of the Carpathian Basin, maybe with the exception of the area of the Bratislava oppidum. The third characteristics of the chosen region which was the reason for selecting it as a ‘model’ is that it is partly a peripheral area of the La Tène settlement in the north of the Carpathian Basin, where two cultural areas meet – the La Tène and Púchov cultures. According to the current state of research, there are 26 fortified sites of different sizes and forms in the area.
4
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Przemiany miasta Chomutova, komendy, fortyfikacji oraz zamku w średniowieczu i na początkach czasów nowożytnych

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Sýkora M.
Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia
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2012
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vol. 7
111-186
EN
The article basing on archaeological, architectural and historical researches makes an attempt reconstruct the historical development of Chomutov (north east part of the Czech Republic). The author depicts the developmental history of the town starting from the 13th century colony connected with the court of the gentry, then mentioning the centre of Teutonic Knights Komtur and finally getting to the point when a town was set up nearby the monastic castle. In the middle of the 14th century a process of measuring the streets networks and parcels started. At the beginning of the 15th century Chomutov becomes a fully established city with all its lawful rights, a crest, seal, town hall and fortifications. Wacław IV has winded up the residence of Komtur in 1411 and then the city becomes a private ownership. A family of Veimitilów become the owners of the town and the castle in 1411 and they rearrange the Komtur’s center for the nobility’s residence which becomes the symbol of power over the city. The city starts to fund churches, public buildings and tenancy houses what increases its importance.
5

VALUES AS A BASE FOR THE VIABLE ADAPTIVE REUSE OF FORTIFIED HERITAGE IN URBAN CONTEXTS

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Ebejer J., Staniewska A., Środulska-Wielgus J., Wielgus K.
Muzeológia a kultúrne dedičstvo
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2023
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vol. 11
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issue 2
41-72
EN
The last decades have brought a growing interest in fortified heritage research, protection and reuse in Europe as a result of the demilitarisation of numerous historic defence structures occupied by armies in many countries and used as service facilities during the Cold War. There are various approaches to the conservation of fortified heritage and adaptive reuse is one of them. The values associated with a site should constitute the departure and arrival point for any type of intervention. An essential part of the process therefore should be the appropriate identification of these values to base on them contemporary actions. Fortified heritage has values similar to other forms of urban heritage but it also possesses values that are unique to this form of architecture and landscape. This paper sets out the values that should be taken into consideration when carrying out an adaptive reuse project on fortified heritage. Based on research and on international charters, as well as the writers’ own experience, the paper identifies seven values and makes a distinction between two groups of values, namely: intrinsic (history, memory and identity; scientific and technical; territorial and architectural) and extrinsic (landscape and aesthetic; environmental sustainability; social and cultural; economic). While intrinsic values of fortified heritage are usually well described, less explored are the issues of extrinsic values. The paper presents two case studies, Zamość Fortress and Fort St Elmo, and considers how these values were taken into account in the respective projects.
6

ZAJÍMAVÉ ARCHEOLOGICKÉ LOKALITY DOLNÍHO POMORAVÍ NA ORTOSNÍMCÍCH

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Kovárník J.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2020
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vol. 68
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issue suppl 1
337 – 347
EN
The analysis of freely accessible orthophotos (remote sensing: satellite and airborne imagery/aerial photography) is of great significance in archaeological practice. In an important area of the lower reaches of the Morava River (Záhorie, Weinviertel), we found a triple trapezoidal enclosure and an outer double ditch near the village Marchegg, an arc-shaped ditch at Vysoká pri Morave, a Roman military camp near Bernhardsthal, spatially arranged ground plans at Angern an der March, a quadrangular ditch with five rows of rectangular features at Suchohrad, then the corner of a quadruple ditch enclosure (?) and another ditch with the corner (?) near Stupava or multiple circular or oval fortifications near Brodské and Drösing etc.
7

BEYOND DEFENCE: CITY FORTIFICATIONS AND URBAN IDENTITY IN LEVOČA

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Mrázová M.
ARS
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2021
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vol. 54
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issue 2
178 - 194
EN
Urban identity or the genius loci of a town is a concept that has evolved throughout history and is determined by various aspects of the city and its architecture. On the example of the city walls in Levoča, this study discusses how city walls contribute to the creation and preservation of a distinctive urban identity of a historic town. The discussion consists primarily of three aspects – the function of city walls, their representation in visual sources and their conservation and reconstruction. On the example of the Košice Gate in Levoča, it will be argued that by conserving city fortifications, we are able to preserve the unique character and the identity of the town. Overall it will be argued that the Levoča fortification system, although not completely preserved, has contributed to the creation and preservation of the town’s unique identity.
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