This paper proposes an approach to the study of the attitude towards antiquarian studies and the use of the antique example in the patronage of art at the court of Emperor Ferdinand I.
This paper resumes the evolution of censorship in Bohemia during the Jagellonian era and in the first half of the reign of Ferdinand I. Censorship in Bohemia started slowly and inconsistently in the first half of 16th century. During the reign of Ferdinand censorship became more thorough as part of Ferdinand’s imperial attitudes. The new system of privileges started after 1547 and laid the foundation for new publishing procedures in the second half of 16th century.
The document contains a summary of salaries and commissions for some officials and servants of Ferdinand I in 1538. It is divided into several parts — clergy and other staff at the Prague Castle, staff of the Chamber Court, the Bohemian Chamber and its officials and servants, servants of the Prague Castle, Prague Ungelt, and others.
The paper analyses three relief sculptures that decorate spandrels of the northern façade of the Prague Belvedere, which was built by Ferdinand I between 1538 and ca. 1550. Their uniqueness consists in that it is the first series inspired by the myth of Perseus in Renaissance architectural sculpture. We find here, from left to right: Perseus freeing Andromeda, Perseus turning Atlas into a rock by showing him the head of Medusa, and Pegasus creating a source of poetical inspiration. The monogram, FA (Ferdinand I and Anna, his wife) is the only inscription on this villa and it has a crucial role in the villa decoration. We may consider Perseus as alter ego of Ferdinand I.
Driven by his political ambition to obtain the imperial title following his brother Charles V as well as being under the Ottoman threat, Ferdinand I had advocated Vienna’s establishment as the residential capital since 1522. The architecture of his main residence, the Vienna Hofburg, acquired with his imperial guiding principle a corresponding iconic character.
Charles V and Ferdinand I exerted a strong influence on the European policy in the 16th century. Charles V lived in residences and towns in Spain, the Netherlands and the Holy Roman Empire like a “Reisekaiser” (travelling Emperor). Above all, Charles V was the Emperor of the first global European Empire and therefore his memory, in comparison with his younger brother Ferdinand I is more vivid.
This study considers on the basis of comparative research on written, visual and material sources of interpretations of the symbolic meaning of the means used to represent Ferdinand I and his sons Maximilian II, Charles of Styria, and Ferdinand of Tyrol, during public rituals at their funerals in Vienna, Prague, Graz, and Innsbruck. In methodological terms it rests largely on the Kantorowicz concept of the King’s Two Bodies.
The attitude of Czech King Ferdinand I of Habsburg towards the ongoing First Austro-Turkish War (1525–1541) is presented on the basis of an analysis of documents of a private nature, written either by the monarch himself, or by those close to him. Correspondence between Ferdinand I, Emperor Charles V and Marie of Hungary, along with letters from Anna Jagellon, reflect the perceptions of danger and the ensuing models of behaviour inspired by various experiences, positions and interests.
From the times of Vladislaus II Jagiello (1456–1516) the residence in Prague Castle had two parts. After a costly refurbishment, the Old Royal Palace was adapted as the King’s seat and a new palace was built for the Queen by the White Tower on the west side of Prague Castle. Later it became the residence of Queen Anne Jagiello (1503–1547), wife of Ferdinand I, and after her death, in 1547, it became the residence of the second-born, Bohemian Governor Archduke Ferdinand II. Although not much has survived after numerous reconstructions, one can get a rough idea of its extent and furnishings on the basis of several fragments, written sources and iconography.
Correspondence between Emperor Ferdinand I and Archduke Ferdinand II documents not only a loving relationship between father and son, but also their extraordinary personal engagement in construction activities at the Prague Castle. A case in point is the planned realisation of the rulers’ cycle in Vladislav Hall and its fate during the reign of Emperor Ferdinand I. A lack of money, slow progress of the construction work and a gradual transfer of its site from Vladislav Hall to the facade of the New Land Registry and then to the Assembly Hall sealed the fate of this project. Despite several attempts the plan was not executed.
This study offers an explication of the circumstances under which Prague was incorporated after the election of Ferdinand I as King of Bohemia and Hungary 1526 into the emerging Habsburg monarchy, and an outline of its initial economic and political potential. The prime focus is on theses that characterise on the basis of the existing literature and newly explored sources the status of the capital of the Kingdom of Bohemia within the emerging network of Habsburg rulers’ residences in Central Europe. In the last part the author attempts to outline the main features of the development of Prague in 1526–1564 as a consequence of the ruler’s influence on the city and his court’s sojourn in it.
This presented study focuses on determining the causes of the illness, courses of treatment, the preparation for the death and symbolic messages conveyed at the funerals of Ferdinand I, based on the dispatches of envoys, personal correspondence of the Imperial family, official correspondence of court dignatories and an iconographical analysis of the sources. Attention is also paid to the impact of the gradually deteriorating general health of the biological body of this Central European ruler in terms of a weakening of the sovereign’s grip on power and the exercise of his everyday regal duties between 1563 and 1564. At the same time, the chosen historical-anthropological approaches and concepts of symbolic communication make it possible to observe the creation of the image of the social body of the deceased emperor at the moment of his death on 25th July 1564 and during the final obsequies which took place thirteen months later, namely on 6th and 7th of August 1565 in Vienna and on 21th and 22nd August 1565 in Prague. During the display of his remains at a castrum doloris, the ceremonial funeral procession and the requiem mass, Ferdinand I entered the collective memory as a Christian knight, a wise and righteous ruler of extensive territories in Central Europe, where, after his biological death, his bereaved sons took over the ruling power by the grace of God. The dramaturgy of final farewells and the use of symbols in speeches celebrated loudly the continuous tradition of the Christian rule of the Habsburg dynasty.
The paper contains an overview of the development and erection of the Viennese town fortifications during the reign of Ferdinand I, its medieval requirements, difficult financing and contemporary influences on the construction work. Furthermore, a brief comparison with other residences, namely Graz, Wiener Neustadt and Prague, is made.
The article examines one of the so-called “Jagiellonian fi nishing rolls”, which were used in decorating by an anonymous bookbinder (or bookbinders) from Poznań from around 1547 until 1560s. The roll shows 5 carefully designed medallions with busts of a pope and some European rulers (Paul III, Sigismund the Old, Sigismund Augustus, Charles V and Ferdinand I) as well as an arabesque ornament. Today we know 22 bindings with such decorations, kept in libraries in Poland, Russia and Germany. The author of the article formulates some hypotheses concerning the time the roll was made as well as its maker and the person who may have commissioned it. He explores the tradition of making such fi nishing rolls in Europe. The characteristic composition and selection of motifs on the Poznań tool are presented against the background of model graphics showing “galleries” of portraits of European rules (they were made by e.g. Virgil Solis or Augustin Hirschvogel). The author describes the complex relations between the Habsburgs and the Jagiellons as well as the role of the papacy in these relations. This is necessary to establish the ideological and political basis of the iconographic concept of the roll. In addition, the author analyses the iconographic models of the portraits presented on the medallions. He indicates their originals among graphic works, paintings as well as numismatic works (coins and medals).
PL
Artykuł prezentuje jedno z tzw. „radełek jagiellońskich”, które stosował w dekoracji opraw anonimowy poznański introligator (lub introligatorzy) od około 1547 r. do lat 60. XVI w. Radełko ukazuje 5 starannie opracowanych medalionów z popiersiami papieża i władców europejskich (Paweł III, Zygmunt Stary, Zygmunt August, Karol V i Ferdynand I) oraz ornament arabeskowy. Obecnie znane są 22 oprawy z taką dekoracją, przechowywane w bibliotekach Polski, Rosji i Niemiec. W artykule postawiono hipotezy dotyczące czasu powstania radełka oraz jego wykonawcy i potencjalnego zleceniodawcy. Przedstawiono tradycję tworzenia radełek tego typu w skali europejskiej. Charakterystyczna kompozycja i dobór motywów na poznańskim narzędziu przedstawione zostały na tle grafiki wzornikowej prezentującej „galerie” portretów władców europejskich (tworzyli je np. Virgil Solis, Augustin Hirschvogel). Opisano skomplikowane relacje między Habsburgami a Jagiellonami, a także rolę, jaką w nich odgrywało papiestwo. Było to niezbędne dla określenia podłoża ideowego i politycznego, na jakim stworzono koncepcję ikonograficzną radełka. Przeanalizowano również wzorce ikonograficzne portretów przedstawionych w medalionach. Wskazano ich pierwowzory wśród dzieł grafiki, malarstwa, a także numizmatyki (monety i medale).
On 17 December 1551 on the grounds of alleged treason, soldiers of Chief Sergeant Sforza Pallavicini and Giovanni Battista Castaldo, the head of Ferdinand I’s army, killed the Pauline monk, Archbishop of Esztergom, and Voivode and Governor of Transylvania, Primate György Fráter (Martinuzzi/ Utyaszenich) in his castle at Alvinc. It all happened after the monarch himself had recommended Fráter, one of the most prestigious politicians of the contemporary Kingdom of Hungary, for the red hat to Pope Julius III. This controversial act created a stir throughout the Christian world, and it had an effect on not only the subsequent history of the Kingdom of Hungary, but also on the relations between the Habsburgs and the papacy, as Ferdinand I was only temporarily absolved from excommunication. Regarding the murder, an investigation was launched headed by Nuncio Girolamo Martinengo, during which 139 statements were recorded and numerous letters and letter extracts were collected, which form a unique source collection on the relations between Hungary, the Habsburg Empire and the papacy. As well, they provide the opportunity to explore not only the life of Fráter, but also Hungary’s contemporary internal politics, its relations with the Habsburgs and the Ottoman Empire, the informational channels, and finally the subjects’ farming methods. The investigation was closed in 1555 with the final exoneration of Ferdinand and his soldiers. The paper introduces the reasons for the assassination, the death of György Fráter and the ensuing investigation of the Holy See.
PL
17 grudnia 1551 r. żołnierze kondotiera Sforzy Pallaviciniego i dowódcy armii Ferdynanda I, Giovanniego Battisty Castalda, zamordowali oskarżonego o zdradę stanu paulińskiego zakonnika, Arcybiskupa Ostrzyhomia i Wojewodę oraz Gubernatora Siedmiogrodu, Prymasa Jerzego Utiešenovicia (znanego także jako Jerzy Martinuzzi lub brat Jerzy) na Zamku Alvinczy. Do wydarzenia doszło po tym, jak sam monarcha zarekomendował brata Jerzego, jednego z najbardziej prominentnych polityków ówczesnego Królestwa Węgier, papieżowi Juliuszowi III na stanowisko kardynała. Ten kontrowersyjny czyn poruszył świat chrześcijański i miał wpływ nie tylko na dalszą historię Królestwa Węgier, ale także na relacje między Habsburgami i papiestwem, ponieważ Ferdynand I jedynie tymczasowo uchronił się przed ekskomuniką. W trakcie śledztwa, prowadzonego przez Nuncjusza Girolamo Martinengo, zebrano 139 zeznań świadków oraz liczne listy i fragmenty korespondencji, które tworzą unikatowy zbiór źródeł na temat relacji między Węgrami, Cesarstwem Habsburgów i papiestwem. Informacje te stanowią również okazję do zbadania nie tylko życiorysu brata Jerzego, ale także ówczesnej polityki wewnętrznej Węgier, ich relacji z Habsburgami i Imperium Osmańskim, kanałów przepływu informacji, czy nawet metod uprawy ziemi przez poddanych. Śledztwo, zamknięte w roku 1555, ostatecznie oczyściło z zarzutów Ferdynanda I oraz jego żołnierzy. Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia powody dokonania zamachu, opisuje śmierć brata Jerzego oraz dochodzenie przeprowadzone przez Stolicę Apostolską.
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