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Pojęcie przedsiębiorstwa i zorganizowanej części przedsiębiorstwa na gruncie prawa podatkowego

100%
Ilski M.
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review
|
2014
|
vol. 3
135-150
PL
The purpose of this study was a presentation of the concept of an enterprise and the concept of an organized part of an enterprise in Polish tax legislation. The study focused on The Personal Income Tax Act, The Corporate Income Tax Act, The Goods and Services Tax Act and The Tax on Civil Law Transactions Act. An interpretation of the aforementioned concepts in the jurisdiction of Polish courts was also presented. Furthermore, another aim was to look at the concept of an enterprise and the concept of an organized part of an enterprise from the point of view of European Union law. The study also tried to answer the question of whether The Goods and Services Tax Act and The Tax on Civil Law Transactions Act are compatible with European Union law
2
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Opinions of the Regional Accounting Chambers regarding the documents on the financial activity of the metropolitan union

75%
Ofiarska M.
Central European Review of Economics & Finance
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2017
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issue Vol. 19, No 3
57-75
EN
Except for one provision, the Act on RACs does not specify the rules and procedure of issuing the RACs' opinions on the documents drawn in the course of financial activity of these unions. In this regard, the provisions of the Public Finance Law and Act on RACs apply, setting out the limits of the RACs' opinion-making activity. The subjects of the opinions are the following: draft resolutions, periodical information and reports, recovery proceedings programmes, other financial documents. In general, the opinions issued by RACs do not contain any content binding for their recipients, but in certain situations specific obligations arise, e.g. to present opinion in a proper term to the proper body, making correction to previously prepared financial documents. In one case the negative opinion revokes the entitlement of the decision-making body of the metropolitan union to adopt the budgetary resolution. (original abstract)
3
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Innowacje finansowe w jednostkach samorządu terytorialnego na skutek wejścia w życie art. 243 ustawy o finansach publicznych

51%
Kluza K.
Studia Ekonomiczne
|
2015
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vol. 238
53-64
PL
Od 2014 r. obowiązuje art. 243 ustawy o finansach publicznych, definiujący maksymalny poziom zadłużenia dla jednostek samorządu terytorialnego. W odpowiedzi na restrykcyjny charakter nowej regulacji, a także słabnącą dynamikę dochodów samorządów w okresie spowolnienia gospodarczego i potrzebę absorpcji środków z Perspektywy Finansowej 2014-2020, samorządy wspólnie z sektorem finansowym stworzyły nowe instrumenty finansowania: leasing zwrotny nieruchomości, dzierżawę zwrotną oraz subrogację długu. Leasing operacyjny zwrotny i dzierżawa zwrotna to produkty, które umożliwiają nie tylko pozyskanie nowych środków przez samorząd, ale równocześnie wpływają korzystnie na wskaźnik zadłużenia z art. 243. Subrogacja długu to zaś odpowiednik kredytu konsolidacyjnego - nie ma na celu pozyskania nowych środków tylko optymalizację spłat istniejącego zadłużenia, tak aby mógł spełniać wymogi art. 243. Instrumenty leasingu i dzierżawy zwrotnej są w okresie dekoniunktury atrakcyjną alternatywą do sprzedaży majątku przez samorządy. Subrogacja długu może oprócz poprawy wskaźnika z art. 243 obniżyć też koszt finansowania dla samorządu.
EN
The text describes financial innovation in local governments as a consequence of adopting art. 243 of Public Finance Law since 2014. This regulation introduced new statutory debt limits for local governments based on their historical operating surplus and the sale of fixed assets. In response to the restrictive nature of the new regulation, as well as weakening growth of local government revenues during the economic downturn and the need to absorb funds from the EU Financial Perspective 2014-2020, local government sector together with the financial institutions developed new instruments i.e. the sale and leaseback of property, reversed tenancy and subrogation of debt. Sale and leaseback as well as reversed tenancy are products that allow not only to acquire new financing by local governments, but also have a positive impact on the debt limits of art. 243. The subrogation of debt is an equivalent of soft restructuring of existing debt repayment schedule so that a government comply with the new statutory requirements. Instruments of sale and leaseback and reversed tenancy are attractive alternatives to the sale of assets by local governments, what in the period of recession normally takes place at relatively low prices. In addition, subrogation of debt may not only improve the statutory limits but also reduce the cost of financing for local government.
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