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Wydatki Polski na cele obronne w latach dziewięćdziesiątych

100%
Wieczorek P.
Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician
|
2000
|
issue nr 3
24-36
XX
W artykule przedstawiono m.in. dynamikę i strukturę budżetu Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej w latach dziewięćdziesiątych. Omówiono udział Polski w programie inwestycyjnym NATO.
2
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Wielkość i struktura finansowania działalności badawczo-rozwojowej w krajach rozwiniętych gospodarczo. Wnioski dla Polski

100%
Tylec T.
Studia Ekonomiczne
|
2015
|
vol. 210
242-252
EN
The study takes up the issues of research and development activities in the econo-my. In the paper the following assertion has been verified: despite the increase in expen-ditures on R&D in Poland comparing to increasing investments in the developed econo-mies, it is not sufficient to compensate the existing gap in innovation between Poland and these countries. The study drew attention to the size and structure of expenditures on research and development in the developed countries and Poland. In the paper there was also an assessment of R&D activities undertaken by the public sector in Poland presen¬ted, as well as the state and the general causes of low or insufficient research and deve¬lopment activities in the Polish economy.
3
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Zróżnicowanie zadłużenia w zależności od wielkości przedsiębiorstwa

84%
Figura P.
Studia Ekonomiczne
|
2016
|
vol. 298
20-30
PL
W artykule przedstawiono różnice w sposobie kształtowania wartości wskaźników z obszaru zadłużenia pomiędzy małymi, średnimi a dużymi przedsiębiorstwami. W trakcie przeprowadzonych badań uwzględniono 97 471 sprawozdań finansowych przedsiębiorstw, prowadzących działalność gospodarczą w 12 różnych działach polskiej gospodarki narodowej. Dla potwierdzenia zróżnicowania zadłużenia, w zależności od wielkości przedsiębiorstwa, wykorzystano test nieparametryczny Kruskala-Wallisa. Przeprowadzone badania dowiodły, że polskie mikro- i małe przedsiębiorstwa charakteryzują się niższym poziomem zadłużenia długoterminowego oraz zadłużenia liczonego w latach od jednostek gospodarczych średniej i dużej wielkości. W artykule zawarto również porównanie literaturowych wartości wzorcowych dla wskaźników z obszaru zadłużenia z wartościami rzeczywiście kształtowanymi przez krajowe firmy.
EN
The article presents the differences between the manner of forming the values of debt ratios between small, medium and large enterprises. The research was conducted taking into consideration 97 471 financial statements of enterprises, running economic activity in 12 different sectors of Polish domestic economy. The Kruskal- -Wallis nonparametric test was used for confirming the variety of the debt depending on the size of the enterprise. The conducted research proved that Polish micro- and small enterprises create the lower values of debt ratios then medium and large enterprises. Moreover, the article includes a comparison between the literature reference values for debt ratios and the actual values achieved by the domestic companies.
4
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Sytuacja finansowa polskich spółek a modele kształtowania struktury kapitałowej

67%
Lewiński vel Iwański S., Tomczak S., Wilimowska Z.
Studia Ekonomiczne
|
2013
|
vol. 154
61-71
EN
Running a business is not possible without suitable resources of financing. Determination of rational financial structure is a necessary condition for efficient operation of a company. Financial resources as well as their configuration may lead either to development or to bankruptcy of a company. Thus, the decision about financial structure is a matter of fundamental importance to subsequent operation of organization. Moreover, this decision is made by the management during continuous company's activity. Unfortunately, both the description of the very process of reaching the decision and its validation seem to be really hard to formalize and to operationalize. Despite the fact that there have been carried out analyses, the issue of managing the financial structure remains to be resolved. Above all, the difficulties reside in the process of devising a suitable and universal model which would be widely accepted, particularly in the context of Polish capital market. This paper brings up modern models for constructing the capital structure as well as models for analyzing the efficiency of managing such a structure. Polish capital market issue, given in question is also illustrated in the context of administering financial structure in the Polish companies (including the ones which went out of business on stock.
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