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Studia Ełckie
|
2012
|
vol. 14
289-310
EN
The history of Jesus the Nazarene’s life seems to have been provocative for the Roman Catholic Church. In XIX and XX centuries it was marked by many controversies. Thus “The Gospel according to St. Luke” may be recognized as having the great importance in historical debates about the Founder of Christianity. The contribution of this article puts forward a historical approach to the work of St. Luke, which is acclaimed as a worth amid all the writings about Jesus Christ, and the beginning of the Church. The gospel of St. Luke is distinguished by its original and methodical manner of writing, which features its historical character. The author refers to “Antiquities of the Jews” by Flavius Josephus, as this work is devoted to the parallel time to that of Jesus Christ’s life and the beginning of the Christianity. With comparing the lives and works of Luke and Flavius, the historical aspect of “The Gospel according to St. Luke” may be appreciated and shown more clearly.
EN
The paper is an analysis of the scene in Ant. XI, 8: the supposed meeting between Alexander the Great and the Jewish High Priest, revealing Alexander’s special status as a chosen of God. The analysis concentrates on two issues: the literary character of the description and the problem of Alexander’s kingship as presented in Jewish literature.
EN
The thesis that the Khirbet Qumran community was a branch of the larger Essene movement has dominated scholarship since the discovery of the first Dead Sea Scrolls. The number of books and articles challenging the theory that the Scrolls found in the caves belonged to a sectarian community that lived at Khirbet Qumran – and that these sectarians should be identified as Essenes – indicates that we are far from a consensus concerning the history of the Qumran history. What has largely been neglected in this debate is Flavius Josephus, who alone among the extant Second Temple Period authors claims to have been an Essene. This article examines the importance of Josephus as an eyewitness to Essene beliefs and practices in the first century C.E. It suggests that his descriptions of the Essene admission procedure matches the latest version of the Serek ha-Yahad, which documents changes in the practices and beliefs of this sect during the first century C.E. The study seeks to show that the Serk belonged to a sectarian library that is archaeologically connected with Khirbet Qumran and that this library was more widely dispersed among the caves than previously recognized. The article builds on this evidence to propose that we can connect the Serek and Josephus to Khirbet Qumran, and that this text was used as a sort of archaeological blueprint for this settlement. The evidence examined in this article reveals that Josephus is our only extant witness to life at Khirbet Qumran during its later occupational phase (Periods II–III, ca. 4 B.C.E.–73/4 C.E.).
EN
Flavius Josephus' interpretation of the biblical books is one of the most famous and model ancient examples of rewriting biblical stories in a new historical and cultural context. This is done in a way that does not alter their deepest meaning, and at the same time may better serve the immediate aims of an author writing for a specific audience and taking into account their political situation. An excellent illustration of this way of translating a text is the story of the biblical Esther as described in the  Antiquities of the Jews. This article presents a comparison between the text of an ancient Jewish historian and the Bible. In doing so, it focuses on four selected passages of the narrative in which the changes made, although they may seem insignificant, emphatically demonstrate this way of rewriting biblical stories. Notably, one can observe Josephus' tendency to emphasize the role of Mordecai and to correct the harsh image of the Persian king. This corresponds perfectly with the role and position occupied by the historian himself in the Roman court of Emperor Vespasian.
PL
Interpretacja ksiąg biblijnych w ujęciu Józefa Flawiusza jest jednym z najbardziej znanych i modelowych starożytnych przykładów przepisywania historii biblijnych w nowym kontekście historycznym i kulturowym. Dokonywane jest to w sposób, który nie zmienia ich najgłębszego sensu, a zarazem może lepiej służyć doraźnym celom autora tworzącego z myślą o konkretnych odbiorcach i ich sytuacji politycznej. Znakomitą ilustracją takiego sposobu przekładu tekstu jest historia biblijnej Estery opisana w Dawnych Dziejach Izraela. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono porównanie tego tekstu spisanego przez starożytnego historyka żydowskiego z kanonicznym tekstem biblijnym. Skupiono się przy tym na czterech wybranych fragmentach opowiadania, w których wprowadzone zmiany, choć mogą wydawać się mało znaczące, to dobitnie ukazują ten sposób przepisywania historii biblijnych. W przypadku księgi Estery zauważalna jest przy tym tendencja Flawiusza do podkreślania roli Mardocheusza oraz poprawiania surowego wizerunku króla Perskiego, co znakomicie współgra z rolą i pozycją zajmowaną przez samego historyka na rzymskim dworze cesarza Wespazjana.
EN
Flavius Josephus’s Bellum Judaicum account of the conquest of Jerusalem by Romans and the famine in 70 CE depicts a scene in which the Jewish matron Mary devours her own child. The story, in which this “terrible meal” plays an important symbolic role, also entered the vernacular texts of the Czech Middle Ages through Latin literature. In the eyes of Christian exegetes, who drew detailed information about Titus’s invasion and massacre of the Jews from Flavius Josephus, the sacking of Jerusalem was a punishment for Jewish unwillingness to accept Christ. By analysing Old Czech hagiographic and homiletic texts, I will show how the “fall of Jerusalem” formed the theological concept of the condemnation of the Jews and anti-Jewish rhetoric.
EN
The following article based on harmonized description of Jesus’s seizure pictures the network of hypothetical allusions to historical events and persons contemporary for scripture’s editors. Presented analysis tries to extract innuendos to the I Jewish war and destruction of Jerusalem Temple from this fragment of Passion. Both the dark night at Gethsemane and the catastrophe of the year 70 had their heroes, whose characteristics are surprisingly similar. The sayings and collocations when perceived metaphorically can hide allusions to the ancient history.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł na bazie zharmonizowanego opisu pojmania Jezusa przedstawia siatkę hipotetycznych aluzji do potwierdzonych historycznie wydarzeń i postaci współczesnych redaktorom tekstu świętego. Zaprezentowana analiza stanowi próbę wydobycia z warstwy literackiej fragmentu pasji Chrystusa odniesień do I wojny żydowskiej i zburzenia Świątyni Jerozolimskiej. Ciemna noc w Getsemani podobnie jak katastrofa roku 70 miała swoich bohaterów, których charakterystyki wydają się sobie pod pewnymi względami zaskakująco odpowiadać. Nawet wypowiedzi i zwroty rozpatrywane zdecydowanie częściej metaforycznie czy też ponad dosłownie mogą skrywać odwołania do historii starożytnej.
EN
The authors claim that contemporary international terrorism differs a little from the acts of violence that took place in ancient history. Such an example of the use of political terrorism was Sicarii, a Jewish sect operating in Palestine and Egypt in the years 66-73 CE. Almost all information about this group comes from Flavius Josephus, a Roman historian of Jewish origin. The term sicarii itself has a Latin etymology and means murderers or assassins. It appeared in legal Latin in 81 BCE together with the Act Lex Cornelia de sicariis et veneficis, which was one of the first legal regulations in the field of serious organized crime. The Sicarii, however, fought in their own country with the intention of liberating it from the rule of a foreign power, Rome. Using the available source materials, the authors analyzed a typical attack made by Sicarii and confronted it with the achievements of modern forensics and experience in the field of secret services. This made it possible to establish the conditions that had to be met for such an attack. To take place to effectively use terrorism for political struggle by the Sicarii.
PL
Współczesny terroryzm międzynarodowy nie różni się zasadniczo od aktów przemocy, mających miejsce już w starożytności. Przykładem stosowania terroryzmu politycznego byli sykariusze, sicarii, czyli żydowska sekta, szczególnie aktywna w Palestynie i w Egipcie w latach 66-73 n.e. Niemal wszystkie informacje na temat tego ugrupowania pochodzą od Józefa Flawiusza, rzymskiego historyka żydowskiego pochodzenia. Sam termin sicarii ma łacińską etymologię i w łacińskim języku prawnym pojawił się w 81 r. p.n.e. wraz z ustawą "Lex Cornelia de sicariis et veneficis". Była to jedna z pierwszych regulacji prawnych w zakresie przestępczości zorganizowanej. Sykariusze walczyli na terenie swojego kraju z zamiarem jego wyzwolenia spod panowania obcego mocarstwa, Rzymu. Autorzy, korzystając z dostępnego materiału źródłowego, dokonali analizy typowego zamachu, dokonanego przez sicarii i skonfrontowali go z osiągnięciami współczesnej kryminalistyki oraz z doświadczeniem w zakresie działań służb specjalnych. Pozwoliło to na ustalenie warunków, które musiały być spełnione, by taki zamach mógł być efektywnie przeprowadzony. Zastosowania terroryzmu dla celów walki politycznej przez sykariuszy.
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