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Rozenkruciáni v strednej Európe – hra na magično

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Folia historica Bohemica
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2013
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vol. 28
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issue 2
279-289
EN
The Rosicrucians represent an open topic in the history of Central Europe. Central European historiography tackled it only fragmentarily, which coincides with the lack of archival materials. The paper deals with the Rosicrucians in the lands of the Habsburg Monarchy, where their traces can be found in Moravia, Prague, Vienna and northeast Hungary. The Rosicrucians represented a high-level branch of the Freemasons, absolutely dominated by secrecy. The paper uses fragmentary archive materials to analyse and describe the Rosicrucian movement in the second half of the 18th century within the Habsburg Monarchy. There is even a space for an analysis of the Rosicrucian activities, which were based on various magic performances and rituals. Institutionally, Rosicrucianism was most firmly anchored in Moravia, where it was most sponsored by Count Salm-Reifferscheidt. This order was engaged in alchemy, magic and exorcism of demons. The most active Rosicrucian land within the monarchy was Hungary, where almost all lodges over contemporary Slovakia had a Rosicrucian character. The paper can serve as a theoretic base for further research on the history of this interesting fraternity.
PL
Mimo opublikowania kilku ważnych prac poświęconych poezji polskich wolnomularzy XVIII i początku XIX wieku (do ok. 1821 r.) problem utworów masońskich o tematyce religijnej pojawiał się dotąd jedynie marginalnie. Nie jest oczywiste, na ile w ogóle można mówić o problemie wolnomularskiej poezji „religijnej” – wydaje się jednak, że wobec systematycznie pojawiającej się problematyki i obfitości wątków sakralnych w utworach wykorzystywanych w praktyce lożowej wolno jednak posłużyć się tą kategorią. Analizie poddano kilka zbiorków poezji wolnomularskiej z pocz. XIX wieku: wieku: Józefa Elsnera (1811), Feliksa Gawdzickiego (1814), Tadeusza Wolańskiego (1817 i 1818), Franciszka Budziszewskiego (ok. 1820) i innych. Analizowane wątki i motywy wskazują, że w środowiskach wolnomularskich posługiwano się oczywiście bardzo charakterystyczną frazeologią, jednoznacznie odróżniającą braci od profanów, oraz zestawem konkretnych pieśni masońskich, związanych z realizacją rytu, ale poza tym wykorzystywano utwory literackie znane powszechnie, przede wszystkim odzwierciedlające postawy wobec wszelkich form transcendencji charakterystyczne dla XVIII-wiecznej poezji oświeceniowej. Wykorzystywano więc chętnie pieśni Ignacego Krasickiego, a stylistyka masońska miała wiele wspólnego ze zbitkami słownymi i formułami poezji typowymi zarówno dla klasycyzmu, jak i nurtu sentymentalnego. Potępienie fanatyzmu, ciemnoty, zabobonu, oskarżenia pod adresem wielkich instytucji dokonujących karygodnych nadużyć w przeszłości szło w parze z programem pozytywnym, będącym przejawem XVIII-wiecznego humanitaryzmu i dążenia do oświecenia szerokich warstw społecznych, a także prowadziło do sakralizacji takich kategorii, jak Dobroczynność, Cnota, Przyjaźń, Oświata – a także Ojczyzna.
EN
Contrary to publishing a few crucial papers in the poetry of Polish Freemason poetry of the 18th c. and beginning of 19th c. (until circa 1831), the issue of Masonic religious verse has so far been discussed only marginally. It is uncertain whether, in general, we can use the term Masonic “religious” poetry, though it seems that, facing the continuously reappearing issues and a plethora of sacral motifs found in the pieces used in Freemasonic practice, we can resort to such category. The analysis is performed on a few collections of Masonic poetry from the beginning of the 19th c., namely by Józef Elsner (1811), Feliks Gawdzicki (1814), Tadeusz Wolański (1817 and 1818), Franciszek Budziszewski (circa 1820) and other. The analysed threads and motifs indicate that the Masonic circle naturally applied characteristic phraseology, explicitly differentiating brethren from laymen, and a set of special Masonic songs connected with the rite; additionally they used the commonly known literary pieces that primarily reflected the attitudes to all forms of transcendence that were peculiar to the 18th c. Enlightenment poetry. They eagerly resorted to Ignacy Krasicki’s songs, and the Mason stylistics proved to have much in common with clusters or words as well as with formulas of poetry typical of both Classicism and Sentimentalism. Condemnation of fanatism, ignorance, and superstition, accusations of grand institutions for unpardonable overuse in the past went parallel to a positive programme, a symptom of the 18th c. humanitarianism and strive to enlighten wide social groups, as well as led to sacralisation of such categories as Charity, Virtue, Friendship, Education, and also Homeland.
PL
The Cracow Masonic Lodge „Przesąd Zwyciężony” („Prejudice Conquered”) has experienced a lot of ups and downs in the past. Perhaps its greatest failure would be its banning in 1822. This paper analyses the Minute-Book of the Lodge in terms of evident references to legal acts that outlawed freemasonry across the territories under Russian Empire. The content of these archives shows that despite a considerable degree of autonomy the Republic of Cracow had, the administrative actions of the neighbouring Powers seriously inter-fered the citizens’ lives. The documents preserved certainly are an admirable example of chronicle writings of those days. Furthermore, they provide some clues on the complexity of factors that put an end to Masonic activity in Cra-cow for 113 years.
EN
The paper is concerned with the life and work of Pierre Clément, a Geneva-born journalist, dramatist and poet, who was one of the first to make a freemason a protagonist in a play. Issues re- lating to that author have not been discussed in Polish so far, even though Clément was a significant figure in French playwriting as the precursor of Masonic themes
Human and Social Studies
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2014
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vol. 3
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issue 2
111-136
EN
The theme of the article relies to the particular contribution of Freemasonry in the initiation and development of modernity, focusing on science, religion and politics. We know that, during the late Middle Ages, the European society was obedient to the „Church-Tradition-Monarchy” trinity; this status-quo collapsed due to the rational way of thinking; also the establishment of the universal human rights belongs to the Enlightenment, whose theses were supported mainly by Freemasons. Many researchers have proposed to show the extent to which Freemasonry helped to build the ideals of Enlightenment. The main conclusions that can be drawn, by analyzing their tracks, are: (1) All famous leaders of the Enlightenment had connections to Freemasonry; (2) The Enlightenment tenets overlap Freemasonry tenets, and, therefore they were supported and propagated by English, French, and American lodges; (3) Freemasonry progressively turned into a transnational vehicle for liberal thinking, disseminating the concepts of property and freedom in Europe and across the Atlantic.
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Kongres AMMLA 2017 w Londynie

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EN
This article summarizes the celebration of the 27th AMMLA (European Association of Museums, Libraries and Freemasonry Archive) scientific congress organized in London on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the rise of the British Freemasonry.
PL
Artykuł podsumowuje 27. kongres naukowy AMMLA (Europejskiego Stowarzyszenia Muzeów, Bibliotek i Archiwów Wolnomularskich) zorganizowany w Londynie z okazji 300. rocznicy powstania masonerii angielskiej.
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Osterwa – aktor w teatrze życia

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EN
The article discusses Juliusz Osterwa’s functioning in the socio-political space. The focus is shifted from the Reduta founder’s theatre activity to his methods of operating within the sphere of public life and to his relations with decision-makers who could determine whether particular artistic undertakings would be carried out or not. Attention is paid to the network of his connections with Freemasonry, which in the interwar period had a significant impact not only on the social or political reality, but also on artistic life. Interested in esotericism, anthroposophy and romantic spiritualism, Osterwa was a member of the first Masonic lodge established in independent Poland; he had extensive contacts in the Freemasonry circles, and he used them to pursue his theatre plans. The article also offers a reflection on Osterwa’s activity as an artist-cum-social activist and a citizen artist, often connected with the ideals of Freemasonry. By linking selected episodes from Osterwa’s biography with their historical and institutional contexts and religious-esoteric inspirations, the article demonstrates various aspects of the artist’s personality and his complicated relations with the authorities in the interwar period and in the first years after the war. (Transl. Z. Ziemann)
EN
The magazine Opoka w Kraju is edited by Professor Maciej Giertych, who discusses various issues in his articles: from the conflict of civilizations to the problems of European integration. However, the question of the United States of Europe, which in Maciej Giertych’s view opposes the idea of a European Fatherland, raises a justified controversy, because in the criticism of the former topic, Professor Giertych uses rhetoric which frequently refers to the interference of Freemasons in the internal matters of European integration. The main aim of the article is to isolate especially those issues which raise doubts due to the lack of sufficient documentation. Maciej Giertych, in this political journalism, undertook an unequal competition with Masonic organizations, which due to their esotericism are not in the habit of entering into polemics, discussing or reviewing the opinions of their adversaries. In this situation, we receive a unilateral message presented in Opoka w Kraju.
PL
Czasopismo Opoka w Kraju redagowane jest przez profesora Macieja Giertycha, który w swoich artykułach porusza różnorakie kwestie: począwszy od konfliktu cywilizacji, kończąc na problematyce integracji europejskiej. Jednakże kwestia Stanów Zjednoczonych Europy, której Maciej Giertych przeciwstawia ideę Europy Ojczyzn, budzi uzasadnione kontrowersje, ponieważ w krytyce tej pierwszej posługuje się retoryką, która często odnosi się do ingerencji masonów w wewnętrzne sprawy integracji europejskiej. Zasadniczym celem artykułu jest wyodrębnienie zwłaszcza tych zagadnień, które budzą wątpliwości ze względu na brak wystarczającego ich udokumentowania. Maciej Giertych w swojej publicystyce podjął nierówną grę z organizacjami masońskimi, które ze względu na swój ezoteryzm nie mają w zwyczaju wchodzić w polemiki, dyskusje czy recenzować opinii swoich adwersarzy. W tej sytuacji otrzymujemy jednostronny przekaz prezentowany w Opoce w Kraju.
PL
Wolnomularska Sztuka królewska, łącząca naukę i filozofię z poszukiwaniem duchowym i moralnym doskonaleniem, promieniuje na cały XIX wiek, który jest spadkobiercą zarówno racjonalistycznej myśli oświeceniowej jak i XVIII-wiecznego iluminizmu. Jedną zaś z kluczowych dla wolnomularstwa idei jest „religia co do której wszyscy są zgodni”, o której mówią Konstytucje Andersona. Idea religii uniwersalnej, już to odwołująca się do pierwotnego objawienia już to przyjmująca postać religii naturalnej, posiada liczne odmiany w XIX wieku, które kształtują się w zetknięciu z literaturą romantyczną (Pani de Staël), utopiami społecznymi (saint-simonizm) czy humanitaryzmem (Pierre Leroux). Artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie roli odegranej w tym procesie przez wolnomularzy oraz oddźwięku jaki ich twórczość znalazła w refleksji innych autorów na temat religii.
EN
Masonic Royal Art, combining science and philosophy with spiritual research and moral improvement, radiates throughout the whole 19th century, which is the successor of both rationalist Enlightenment thought and 18th century illuminism. One of the key ideas of Freemasonry is the “Religion in which all Men agree” mentioned in Anderson’s Constitutions. The idea of a universal religion, referring to a primal revelation or taking the form of natural religion, has numerous variations in the 19th century, formed in contact with romantic literature (Madame de Staël), social utopias (Saint-Simonianism) or humanitarianism (Pierre Leroux). The aim of the article is to show the role played in this process by Freemasons and the influence they have exerted on other authors reflection on religion.
EN
The idealistic notions concerning the state and humankind, combined with the criticism of the reality of the time, constituted a significant voice in the late-18th-century discussion about a new vision of Russia. In the utopias by Aleksandr Sumarokov, Mikhail Kheraskov, Vasily Lyovshin and Aleksandr Radishchev the shape of the fictional universe was determined by the belief that the harmonious order destroyed by the imperfection of the human nature can be reconstructed. The authors translated the ideas of freedom, brotherhood and equality into the figurative language of literature, comprehensible both for their fellow Freemasons and for other people. In the eyes of the Russian Freemasons the mythical Golden Age embraced not only the past, but also the future. The recovery of the social order would be guaranteed by a spiritual rebirth of the individual.
RU
Идеалистические представления о государстве и человеке, сочетавшиеся с критикой существующего уклада жизни были важным компонентом споров конца XVIII века о новой России. Утопические повести А. П. Сумарокова, М. М. Хераскова, В. А. Левшина, А. Н. Радищева, в которых образ мира обоснован на убеждении о возможности восстановления уничтоженного порочной натурой человека гармоничного порядка мира, переводили на язык литературных образов и приемов, понятен как братьям масонам, так и профанам, ценимые масонами идеи свободы, братства и равенства. Мифический «золотой век» в понимании русских масонов относился как к прошлому, так и будущему. Восстановление гармоничного порядка гарантировалось духовным возрождением личности.
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