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EN
Tis study focuses on the motif of the echo in Baroque literature. It is based on an analysis of the Latin legend of Saint Ivan by Fridrich Bridel (1619–1680), Vita sancti Ivani, primi in regno Boëmiæ eremitæ (Te Life of Saint Ivan, the First Czech Hermit; Ludmila Sedlčanská, Prague 1656). Tis book was written as a prosaic biography with occasional lyrical passages, one of which is a dialogue between the hermit Saint Ivan and his own echo. As St. Ivan meditates on life in the wilderness and on the vainness of the world, his echo consoles him and gives him advice. Tis text refects a popular motif in other European literature of its time, characterized by a renewed interest in ancient myths and their philosophical and Christian interpretations. In the secular literature, the motif of the echo could be found mainly in love poetry, typically involving an unhappy lover who roams a deserted landscape (locus terribilis) until he is met by his own echo, which responds to his lamentation and gives him comfort. In religious poetry, by contrast, this echo would be understood as the voice of God, responding to a character — ofen in the allegorical fgure of the ‘spiritual bride’ — who has gone in search of God. While Bridel’s legend presents the echo as a spiritual voice, it is also indebted to older myths based on the theme of romantic love, so that the dialog between St. Ivan and his echo efectively produces the motif of the spiritual marriage. Te fgure of the echo was used mainly in the literature of Bridel’s time in connection with popular conceptual poetics. In the fnal analysis, Vita sancti Ivani demonstrates how Bohemian literature was infuenced by the aesthetic theory of its period.
EN
It is the objective of this paper to seek out new interpretational procedures for the text of Saint Prokopius Sláva svatoprokopská (1662) by Fridrich Bridel and for early modern Czech hagiography in general. In spite of the intensive interest in Bridel, considered to be one of the chief representatives of Czech literary Baroque, literary history has hitherto paid scant attention to his Sláva svatoprokopská. The greatest obstacle to interpretation of this text written by Bridel was clearly that it was neither an original work in the sense of the modern-era aesthetic of genius nor a work of interest from the standpoint of the history of editing or text criticism (Bridel was not endeavouring to make some medieval hagiographical text available in line with the Bollandists). So what could possibly interest literary history about a hagiographical text that was intentionally written as a compilation of numerous older and contemporary texts and that almost programmatically intended to „merely“ reduplicate? One possible solution is provided if a compilation is appraised as one of the basic practices of textual production during the pre-modern period, whose task it was to gather knowledge dispersed in various texts and to systematically arrange it and make it available in condensed form within a single book, thus facilitating fast and easy access to the claims of the authorities. Compilation is one of the textual procedures involved in the targeted treatment of literary manifestations of the past, reminding us that literary output also involves an aspect whereby existing texts are rewritten, and it may be a highly creative act. Although Sláva svatoprokopská is a text that emphasizes acceptance, its relationship to the cited texts is not simply repetition and confirmation of the textual connection, but it is much more complex: the text copying in it not only involves (commenting) additions, but at the same time the accepted piece often recontextualizes in a radically different way, transforming and rewriting. This study attempts to present in detail this creative treatment of adopted textual material and the complexity of the intertextual connections between Sláva svatoprokopská, including analyses of the exception, reductive and compressive techniques used by Bridel, along with his selection criteria. Hence our objective was not to find out what Sláva svatoprokopská can testify about the first abbot of the Sázava Monastery as a historical figure, but all it can testify about Czech hagiographic discourse in the 1660s, which ideals are involved in this text on Saint Prokopius, which meanings are ascribed to him and which text strategies are used to achieve those ends, and not least, how this text relates to the (literary) past, which meanings are ascribed in it to the (Czech) Middle Ages. As Bridel’s literary compilation technique was by no means unique in its day, this paper also attempts to offer a functional tool for the analysis of Czech hagiography and 17th and 18th century Czech religious prose in general.
CS
Cílem stati je hledání nových interpretačních přístupů k legendě o svatém Prokopovi Sláva svatoprokopská (1662) Fridricha Bridela a k české hagiografii raného novověku vůbec. Navzdory intenzivnímu zájmu o F. Bridela, považovaného za jednoho z hlavních představitelů českého literárního baroka, totiž literární dějepisectví jeho Slávě svatoprokopské dosud téměř nevěnovalo pozornost. Zřejmě největší překážkou při interpretaci tohoto Bridelova textu bylo, že nejde ani o originální autorský výkon ve smyslu novodobé estetiky génia, ani o počin zajímavý z hlediska dějin editování či textové kritiky (Bridel neusiloval o zpřístupnění některého středověkého hagiografického textu v intencích bollandistů). Co tedy může literární historii zajímat na hagiografickém textu, který záměrně vznikl jako kompilát z mnoha starších i soudobých textů a téměř programově chtěl „pouze“ opakovat? Možné východisko se nabízí v docenění kompilace jako jedné ze základních praxí literární tvorby v předmoderní době, jejímž úkolem bylo shromáždit vědění roztroušené v různých textech, smysluplně ho uspořádat a zpřístupnit v kondenzované formě v rámci jediné knihy, a tak umožnit rychlý a snadný přístup k výrokům autorit. Kompilace náleží k textovým postupům cíleného nakládání s literárními projevy minulosti, připomínaje, že literární produkce v sobě obsahuje též rozměr přepisování již existujících textů, a může být i výsostně tvůrčím aktem. Sláva svatoprokopská je sice textem zdůrazňujícím přejímání, její vztah k citovaným textům ovšem není jednoduše opakující a stvrzující textovou návazností, nýbrž je mnohem složitější: textové opisování v ní není spojeno jen s (komentujícím) dopisováním, přejímané se zároveň mnohdy radikálně odlišně rekontextualizuje, transformuje a přepisuje. Studie se toto tvořivé nakládání s převzatým textovým materiálem a vůbec komplexitu intertextových vazeb Slávy svatoprokopské pokouší blíže představit, a to včetně analýzy Bridelem užitých excerpčních, reduktivních a komprimačních technik i selekčních kritérií. Naším cílem tedy nebylo pátrání po tom, co může Sláva svatoprokopská vypovědět o historické osobě prvního opata Sázavského kláštera, nýbrž co (vše) vypovídá o českém katolickém hagiografickém diskursu 60. let 17. století, jaké ideály se v tomto textu do sv. Prokopa projikují a jaké významy jsou mu připisovány i jaké textové strategie se k tomu používají, a v neposlední řadě jak se tento text vztahuje k (literární) minulosti, jaké významy se v něm připisují (českému) středověku. A jelikož Bridelova kompilační technika literární tvorby nebyla ve své době nijak ojedinělá, pokouší se tato stať zároveň nabídnout funkční nástroj k analýze české hagiografie, resp. české náboženské prózy 17. a 18. století vůbec.
EN
The aim of this article is to demonstrate the importance of Bohemian monastic communities of the 17th century — those which owned or managed a church with the status of a pilgrimage shrine — as hagiographic centres, and to highlight the ways in which they participated in hagiographic production and publication. Such is the case, for example, with the Benedictine monastery of Svatý Jan pod Skalou (Saint John Under the Cliff ), built on the tomb of the holy hermit Ivan. Nearly all surviving texts on Saint Ivan written before closure of the Svatý Jan monastery in 1785 are connected through their origin with the monastery. The origins of two works in particular, which may be the two most famous texts on Saint Ivan — Vita sancti Ivani (1656) and Život sv. Ivana (‘The life of Saint Ivan’, 1657), written in Latin and Czech respectively by the Jesuit Fridrich Bridel and printed at the Jesuit printing office in Prague —, are connected in their origins with Matouš Ferdinand Sobek of Bilenberk, abbot of the Svatý Jan monastery. In addition to direct testimony in written sources attesting to the fact that Sobek played a role in the creation of both texts and was able to ensure they would be printed, it is also clear that their publication coincides with the beginning of Sobek’s notable building activities at Svatý Jan, specifically with the laying of the foundation stone of the new church sanctuary in 1657. The lifelong hagiographic cooperation between the Benedictine abbot (and later Prague Archbishop) with the Prague Jesuits suggests how this type of cooperation enabled the Society of Jesus, which was still a relatively new religious order in the Czech lands during the 17th century, to form social ties with the ‘old’ orders, as well as representatives of the local church, and in this way to acquire, strengthen, and maintain their position in the social field. Both of these legends thus provide an example of the markedly cooperative character of early modern textual production and reveal something of its complexity. The main goal of this article is to encourage scholarship on the status of monastic communities in the early modern period by studying the literary field of that time, and by observing how these communities behaved with regard to ‘their’ texts.
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