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Organy fromborskie

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EN
The organ at Frombork was built in .1683 by the organ- -builder Daniel Nitrowski of Gdańsk. In later times, however, it was for several times subjected to repairs, thoroughly reconstructed and, finally, in 11034 extended by E. Kemper of Lübeck. As a consequence of that extension it was divided into two instruments controlled from the single, common console and the mechanical tracker action was replaced by that of electro- pneumatic type. In il945 the organ suffered a number of serious damages. Owing to restoration carried out in 1960—69 it was possible to recover the tuning of 1934 and even some groups of pipes have been extended thus forming an instrument of the so called concert class. At present the organ has 59 stops which are divided into the following groups: great organ (43 stops), choir organ (16 stops), five manuals and the pedal. The prospect survived in its almost unchanged original form; the only minor alteration consists in horizontally positioned 8’ pipes of Spanish trumpet which were added in 1934 by E. Kemper.
EN
Nicolaus Copernicus was and is the culmination willingly figure in sculpture, both in the last two centuries, as well as today. Contributed to this celebration of anniversaries 400th and the 500th anniversary of the birth of the famous astronomer, as well as the patronage of the institutions, especially the schools. In addition to the monuments and sculptures of an intimate, they established an impressive number of medals and coins with the image of the scientist. Most of the works is the result of competitions. A large part of plaster models of monuments and large collection of medals is in the collections of the Museum of Nicolaus Copernicus in Frombork. The authors of the sculptures Copernicus were the most famous Polish artists: Xawery Dunikowski, Tadeusz Breyer, Francis Strynkiewicz, Louis Nitschowa, Alfons Karny, Ryszard Wojciechowski, Jerzy Bandura, Bronislaw Chromy, Leon Podsiadły, Tadeusz Lodziana, Mieczyslaw Welter, Ewa Olszewska-Borys. Nicolaus Copernicus figures adorn many cities in the world, some of them are works of these artists. Monuments commemorating Copernicus took on sometimes other forms, referring to the representations of the cosmos or schemes heliocentric system. A new phenomenon is to treat the monument as a source of relaxation (eg. A bench with Copernicus) or advertising, which leads to perdition sacred monument.
EN
The Warmia Cathedral Chapter is one of the oldest in Poland. It was established in June 1260 in Braniewo but after 18 years the headquarters was moved to Frombork. As a remuneration, it received three bailiffs: Frombork, Pieniężno and Olsztyn, from which it derived income. Initially, it included 16 canons. Representatives of all states could become members but were required to complete their three-year university studies. After the inclusion of Warmia in 1772 to Prussia it was deprived of secular power and income from land, and in this place a state subsidy was granted. In 1821 the number of members was reduced to 10 and 4 honorable canons were established. Nicolaus Copernicus was among the most famous members of this community. The most difficult times were experienced by the Chapter during Nazism and at the end of World War II, when 4 canons lost their lives. Soon after, its activity was suspended. It was not until 1951 that the Polish primate completed its composition and in 1959 the number of real canons from 8 to 12 and honorable from 4 to 12 was increased. The Warmia Cathedral Chapter had a number of privileges and one of the most important was the right to choose a bishop. It also assisted in administration of the diocese, but its primary task was to celebrate the liturgy in the cathedral church.
PL
Warmińska Kapituła Katedralna należy do najstarszych w Polsce. Została utworzona w czerwcu 1260 r. w Braniewie, ale po 18 latach siedzibę przeniesiono do Fromborka. Jako uposażenie otrzymała trzy komornictwa: fromborskie, pieniężnieńskie i olsztyńskie, z których czerpała dochody. Początkowo należało do niej 16 kanoników. Członkami mogli zostać przedstawiciele wszystkich stanów, ale byli zobowiązani do ukończenia 3-letnich studiów uniwersyteckich. Po włączeniu Warmii w 1772 r. do Prus pozbawiono ją władzy świeckiej i dochodów z ziemi, a w to miejsce zapewniono dotację państwową. W 1821 r. zredukowano liczbę członków do 10 i ustanowiono dodatkowo 4 kanonie honorowe. Wśród najbardziej znanych członków tej wspólnoty był Mikołaj Kopernik. Najtrudniejsze czasy przeżyła Kapituła w okresie nazizmu i pod koniec II wojny światowej, kiedy życie straciło 4 kanoników. Niedługo potem jej działalność została zawieszona. Dopiero w 1951 r. prymas Polski uzupełnił jej skład, a w 1959 r. zwiększono liczbę kanoników rzeczywistych z 8 do 12 i honorowych z 4 też do 12. Warmińska Kapituła Katedralna posiadała szereg przywilejów, a jednym z najważniejszych było prawo do wyboru biskupa. Pomagała też w administracji diecezją, ale jej podstawowym zadaniem było sprawowanie Liturgii w kościele katedralnym.
EN
The aim of the text is to characterise Operation 1001 Frombork as a system in which management, participation and action formed a unique pattern. It was filled with elements such as construction works, the attractiveness of holiday time, the cognitive value related to astronomy and history, the social value of scouting and community ties within the organisation. It also encompassed insufficient supplies and ineffective work organisation, disruptions in communication with the local community, as well as a certain semblance of action and superficial implementation of scouting tasks. The text was created based on the analysis of archival documents, journals, memoirs and propaganda materials regarding Operation 1001 Frombork.
PL
Celem tekstu jest charakterystyka Operacji 1001 Frombork jako systemu, w którym zarządzanie, uczestnictwo i działanie utworzyły specyficzny wzór. Wypełniały go takie elementy jak prace budowlane, atrakcyjność czasu wakacji, poznawcza wartość związana z astronomią i historią, społeczna wartość harcerstwa i więzi wspólnotowych w organizacji. Należały do niego także niewystarczające zaopatrzenie i niesprawność organizacji pracy, zakłócenia w komunikacji ze społecznością lokalną oraz pewna pozorność działania i powierzchowne realizowanie zadań harcerskich. Tekst powstał na podstawie analizy zawartości dokumentów archiwalnych, materiałów publicystycznych, wspomnieniowych i propagandowych, dotyczących Operacji 1001 Frombork.
EN
The problem with uninterrupted access to drinking water is an important issue in the everyday life of the inhabitants of medieval and modern cities. It is especially significant in terms of preventing epidemics that have often plagued urban centers, where the level of hygiene left much to be desired. The oldest preserved Frombork city ledger from 1630–1645 draws attention to six pages with a list of six city wells with personal details of people using them for a fee in 1639. This list, rarely found in city documents, illustrates the activities of the Frombork authorities in the second quarter of the 17th century, during the difficult times of the Swedish invasion and the war of 1626–1635 that echoed through the city and the whole of Warmia, and even after the end of the wartime turmoil. This source is an illustration of the degree of municipal self-reliance and the responsible actions of Frombork’s authorities and its citizens for the common good: caring for the improvement of hygiene and health of the inhabitants.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia historyczny tekst źródłowy z fromborskiej księgi miejskiej z lat 1630–1645, zawierający spis mieszkańców Fromborka płacących za korzystanie z sześciu studni miejskich w 1639 r. Ten unikatowy zapis stanowi cenną informację o działaniach władz miejskich podjętych na rzecz poprawy stanu zdrowia i higieny mieszkańców Fromborka w trudnych dla tego miasta i całej Warmii czasach najazdu szwedzkiego i wojny lat 1626–1635 oraz w okresie po zakończeniu działań wojennych.
PL
W prowadzonej po 1945 r. polityce pamięci postać Kopernika wykorzystywano w kontekście prowadzonej narracji antyniemieckiej oraz potwierdzając odwieczne związki z państwem polskim pasa ziem przyłączonych po wojnie. Towarzyszył temu pewien schemat. Marginalizując fakt, że był osobą duchowną, chwalono zasługi dla nauki światowej, podkreślano jego polskość i to, że potrafił przeciwstawić się Krzyżakom, utożsamianym z Niemcami. Zatem wymieniany był obok pogromców Krzyżaków spod Grunwaldu, ale też Armii Czerwonej i Wojska Polskiego, które, jako "zjednoczony świat słowiański", pokonały III Rzeszę. Wniosek był taki, że zarówno przed wiekami Kopernik, jak i w czasie II wojny światowej wojska sojusznicze pod wodzą ZSRR w istocie walczyły z Niemcami o te same cele, wśród których było m. in. przywrócenie Polsce terenów o piastowskim rodowodzie. Mimo wykorzystywania postaci Kopernika w realizowanej polityce pamięci, astronom niezmiennie cieszył się dużą sympatią polskiego społeczeństwa.
EN
In the post-1945 politics of memory, the figure of Copernicus was used in the context of the an- ti-German narrative to confirm the eternal ties with the Polish state of the lands annexed after the war. There was a specific pattern to it. While marginalising the fact that he was a cler- gyman, his contribution to world science was praised, and his Polishness and his ability to oppose the Teutonic Knights, identified with the Germans, were emphasised. Therefore, he was mentioned next to the defeaters of the Teutonic Knights from Grunwald, the Red Army, and the Polish Army, which defeated the Third Reich as a united Slavic world. The conclusion was that both Copernicus centuries ago and during World War II, allied troops led by the USSR were fighting with Germany for the same goals, including restoring areas with Piast origins to Poland. Despite using the figure of Copernicus in the implemented memory policy, the astronomer invariably enjoyed great sympathy in Polish society.
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Tycho Brahe a Mikołaj Kopernik

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The author analyses Copernicus’s ideas described in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543) and the different view of the universe put forward by the excellent Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe (1546–1601). Elias Olsen Morsing (1550–1590), a collaborator of Tycho Brahe, was sent to Frombork (Frauenburg) in 1584 to take the same measurements as Copernicus, but with his own, much better, instruments. The idea was to compare the new measurements with those taken by Copernicus. The expedition was a success. Morsing was able to detect certain errors in Copernicus’s measurements, and the scope of these errors. While in Frombork, Morsing received a primitive astronomical instrument and a portrait of Copernicus as gifts from canon Jan Hannovius. The author of this paper notes the Catholic Church’s scepticism about Copernicus’s theory of the universe, while acknowledging that both Copernicus and Brahe had deep faith in God and shared the belief that they owed their learning and achievement to God.
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Od Redakcji

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Ochrona Zabytków
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1953
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issue 1
1-5
11
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Wieża Kopernika we Fromborku

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EN
A chapel under the invocation of the Most Holy Saviour and St. Theodore the Martyr (Theodor of Amasea), known as Szembek Chapel was founded by the Bishop of Warmia, Krzysztof Andrzej Jan Szembek of Słupów (1680 – 1740), a bishop of Warmia in 1724 – 1740. The oratory is an example of a central dome structure. It was established as a reliquary chapel and a burial place for its founder. The central point of the chapel is the reliquary reredos,placed in the southern arcade in 1734. On the altar mensa there is a sarcophagus with visors and silver applications with the relics of St. Theodore of Amasea. It is accompanied by numerous relics of various saints and Agnus Dei of wax placed in black, wooden, glass reliquaries, richly decorated with trimmed silver applications. Their silver fittings and decorations were made in the years 1730 – 1743 by a goldsmith from Olsztyn – Jan Krzysztof Geese (†1761) and Samuel Grewe (1712 – 1750), a goldsmith from Królewiec. The entire interior of the chapel is covered with frescoes made around 1735 by Maciej Jan Meyer (Matthias Johann Meyer) from Lidzbark Warmiński. The artist decorated the pilasters, friezes and panelsof the chapel’s walls with forms of marbling and regency ornamentation. In the corners of the chapel there are four pairs of pilasters. For every pair, between the pilasters, there are medallions with busts of saints. Additionally, in the arcade above the entrance to the oratory, Meyer portrayed a monumental Vision of St. Theodore of Amasea. In the arches of the arcades, hepresented personifications of eight blessings, painted in the en grisaille technique. Finally, in the the dome of the chapel one can admire adoration of the Holy Trinity and the Holy Cross by the inhabitants of Heaven, led by the Assumed Virgin Mary. The painting decoration of Szembek Chapel, rich in ideological content, is an early example of Polish quadrature illusionist painting that draws abundantly from the Italian painting tradition inspired by Andrea Pozzo (1642 – 1709). Educated in Italy, Meyer, while composing the dome decorations, drew inspiration from frescoes from the years 1664 – 1665 by Pietro Berrettini da Cortona in the dome of Santa Maria in Valicella in Rome. In case of the arragmenet of the painted medallions with busts that can be found in the lower part of the chapel, Meyer was influenced bya solution used in the side axes of the main altar from the years 1699 – 1700 in the Church of the Holy Cross in Warsaw funded by Meyer’s patron, Bishop Teodor Potocki, a direct predecessor of Bishop Szembek of Warmia.
PL
Z fundacji biskupa warmińskiego Krzysztofa Andrzeja Jana Szembeka ze Słupowa (1680 – 1740), biskupa na Warmii w latach 1724 – 1740 przy katedrze we Fromborku powstała kaplica pw. Najświętszego Salwatora i św. Teodora Męczennika (Teodora z Amazji), zwana szembekowską. Oratorium stanowi przykład centralnej budowli kopułowej. Powstała jako kaplica relikwiarzowa oraz miejsce pochówku swojego fundatora. Punkt centralny kaplicy stanowi retabulum relikwiarzowe, ustawione w 1734 roku w arkadzie południowej. Na mensie ołtarza ustawiono sarkofag z wizjerami oraz srebrnymi aplikacjami z relikwiami św. Teodora z Amazji. Towarzyszą mu liczne relikwie różnych świętych oraz woskowe agnuski umieszczone w czarnych, drewnianych, przeszklonych relikwiarzach, bogato zdobionych srebrnymi, trybowanymi aplikacjami. Ich srebrne okucia i zdobienia wykonali w latach ok. 1730 – 1743 złotnik olsztyński Jan Krzysztof Geese (†1761) oraz czynny w Królewcu w latach 1712 – 1750 Samuel Grewe. Całość wnętrza kaplicy pokrywają freski wykonane ok. 1735 roku przez Macieja Jana Meyera (Matthiasa Johanna Meyera) z Lidzbarka Warmińskiego. Artysta pilastry, fryzy i płyciny ścian kaplicy ozdobił dekoracjami w formie marmoryzacji i regencyjnej ornamentyki. Pomiędzy czterema parami pilastrów artykułujących wnętrze oratorium przedstawiono w każdym pasie spiętrzone pionowo po cztery medaliony z popiersiami świętych. Dodatkowo w arkadzie nad wejściem do oratorium Meyer ukazał monumentalną Wizję św. Teodora z Amazji. Natomiast w przyłuczach arkad przedstawił personifikacje ośmiu błogosławieństw malowane w technice en grisaille. Z kolei w czaszy kopuły kaplicy wyobrażono adorację Trójcy Świętej oraz Krzyża Świętego przez mieszkańców Nieba, którym przewodzi wniebowzięta Najświętsza Maria Panna. Dekoracja malarska kaplicy Szembekowskiej, zawierająca bogate treści ideowe, stanowi wczesny przykład na ziemiach polski iluzjonistycznego malarstwa kwadraturowego obficie czerpiącego z włoskiej tradycji malarskiej zasilonej inspiracjami Andrea Pozzo (1642 – 1709). Wykształcony w Italii Meyer w komponowaniu dekoracji kopuły oparł się na freskach z lat 1664 – 1665 Pietro Berrettini da Cortona w kopule Santa Maria in Valicella w Rzymie. Natomiast układ malowanych medalionów z popiersiami w dolnej części kaplicy zaczerpnął z podobnego rozwiązania, jakie zastosowano w osiach bocznych ołtarza głównego z lat 1699 – 1700 w kościele Krzyża Świętego w Warszawie, ufundowanego przez mecenasa Meyera biskupa Teodora Potockiego, bezpośredniego poprzednika biskupa Szembeka na stolicy warmińskiej.
EN
The collection of antique books of the sixteenth century of the Library of Hosianum, the Seminary of the Archdiocese of Warmia in Olsztyn includes 1559 publications. This is not a homogeneous collection, as the library collected vintage books from all over the Diocese of Warmia after World War II. Most publications come from Braniewo, Dobre Miasto, Barczewo and Frombork. They were released in 89 print centers, by 497 publishers. Most were written in Latin. Among the works in the Polish language, there are two copies of the Leopolite Bible, postils, sermons, religious literature and state publications. In the sixteenth-century book collection of the Library „Hosianum” 25 publications are works of ancient writers. An essential part of the literature of that period was represented by religious works. A Patristic period is represented by works of: Tertullian, Origen, St. Cyprian, St. Athanasius, St. Gregory of Nazianzus, St. Gregory of Nyssa, St. Ambrose, St. Jerome, St. John Chrysostom, St. Augustine, St Cyril of Alexandria, Theodoret of Cyrus, Cassiodorus, St. Gregory the Great, St. Isidore of Seville, St. Leo I the Great. The theology of the Middle Ages is represented by works of: St. Anselm of Canterbury, St. Bernard of Clairvaux, Peter Lombard, St. Albert the Great, St. Bonaventure, St. Thomas Aquinas, Nicholas of Lyra, St. Antoninus of Florence. There are the work of reformers: Erasmus of Rotterdam, Martin Luther, Philipp Melanchthon, John Calvin, John Bugenhagen, and counter reformers: St. John Fisher, John Eck, Peter Soto, Melchior Cano, St. Robert Bellarmine and Johannes Cochlaeusa. Martin Luther is the most often represented author in the sixteenth-century book collection in the Library „Hosianum”(41 works). There are also plenty of books by the authors from the Society of Jesus: St. Peter Canisius, St. Francis Suarez and many others - more or less known. Sixteen works are written by Louis of Granada – a very popular Dominican mystic. In addition, there are works of eminent bishops of Warmia who held important church and state positions: John Dantiscus, Stanislaus Hosius, Marcin Kromer. The collection includes the works of native authors – priests of Warmia, canons and Jesuits working in Braniewo: John Benedict Solfa, Anthony Possevino, Thomas Treter, Fabian Kwadrantyn (Quadrantinus), Frederic Bartsch. There are also the poems of the fi rst humanist poet, born in Warmia, Eustace Knobelsdorf. In the collection we can also fi nd the works of other famous Polish authors, such as: Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski, Mikołaj Rej, Jakub Górski, Rev. Piotr Skarga, Stanisław Reszka. The sixteenth-century book collection of the Library „Hosianum” contains many editions of the Bible (26), liturgical books (among them Missals and agendas of Warmia and the agenda of Cracow of 1517), martyrologies, sermons, codes of civil and canon law. There are the works of the poet Francis Petrarch, works on philosophy, rhetoric, history, literature, astronomy, biology, medicine, economics, geography, and among them the works of the eminent cartographer at a Spanish court – Abraham Ortelius. Some volumes are bound in elaborate sixteenth-century bindings, others have a beautiful decoration in the form of woodcut and copperplate illustrations. The atlas Theatrum orbis terrarum by Abraham Ortelius of 1592 is a masterpiece of decorative art. The analysis of the collection of the Library „Hosianum” in Olsztyn refl ects the high intellectual culture of historical Warmia. The value of this library is increased thanks to publications belonging to the representatives of the social and religious life, including bishops of Warmia, who held important public positions in Poland and abroad, as well as the Canons of Warmia, who through studies and travels in Europe, became the owners of valuable and interesting books.
EN
The text aims to characterise the factors of unpredictability of agency during the 1001 Frombork Operation between 1966 and 1973. The unpredictability of these anniversary initiatives concerned the individual’s freedom of action, the implementation of their roles and functions, the effectiveness of procedures, the credibility of the features attributed to him, and the scope of change caused by the agency. Agency is defined as the choice of action that corresponds to the identity and subjectivity of the person taking the action. What is unpredictable in the agency process are results that are different from those intended, those that cannot be prevented and can only be responded to in real-time. During the Operation, this was revealed in the style of organising scouting, production, and educational work, as well as the constant change in the hierarchy of tasks. The basis for the analysis in the text were documents from the Archives of the Scouting Museumresources and press materials from the Archive of New Records in Warsaw regarding Operation 1001 Frombork.
PL
Celem tekstu jest charakterystyka czynników nieprzewidywalności sprawczości podczas „Operacji 1001 Frombork”, w latach 1966–1973. Nieprzewidywalność tych jubileuszowych inicjatyw dotyczyła wolności działania jednostki, realizacji jej ról i funkcji, skuteczności procedur i wiarygodności przypisywanych jej cech, a także zakresu zmiany wywołanej sprawczością. Sprawczość jest definiowana jako wybór działania, który odpowiada tożsamości, podmiotowości człowieka podejmującego o działanie. To, co nieprzewidywalne w procesie bycia sprawczym, to rezultaty różne od zamierzonych, takie, którym nie da się im zapobiec, a na które można reagować tylko w czasie rzeczywistym. Podczas Operacji ujawniło się to w stylu organizacji pracy harcerskiej, produkcyjnej, wychowawczej, a także nieustannej zmianie hierarchii zadań. Podstawą analizy w tekście były dokumenty z zasobu Archiwum Muzeum Harcerstwa oraz materiały prasowe z Archiwum Akt Nowych w Warszawie, dotyczące „Operacji 1001 Frombork”.
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