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1

CANGUILHEM UPROSTRED KYBORGOV

100%
Hacking I.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2015
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vol. 70
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issue 1
23 – 37
EN
George Canguilhem’s 1947 lecture, ‘Machine and organism,’ is a rich source of ideas for thinking about the relationships between living organisms and machines. He takes all tools and machines to be extensions of the body, and part of life itself (which does not make machines any more good or bad than every living organism is good or bad). These insights are updated with a discussion of cyborgs. An account is given of the original idea of the cyborg (Clynes and Kline, 1960), and of its transformations in science fiction and at the hands of Donna Haraway and Andrew Pickering. Canguilhem is profoundly anti-Cartesian, but on account of his vision of life which breaks down the old barriers between natural and artificial, mind and body, manufactured and created.
2

NAČO POTREBUJEME VITALIZMUS? CANGUILHEMOVA REINTERPRETÁCIA JEDNÉHO POJMU

100%
Vydra A.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2015
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vol. 70
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issue 1
13 – 22
EN
The paper concerns a specific defence of vitalism in Georges Canguilhem’s essay “Aspects of Vitalism.” Canguilhem suggests that vitalism is not a scientific doctrine, but rather a demand or a claim of irreducibility of the living. Canguilhem even signifies it as an ethics (because the sphere of values is essential here for understanding vital phenomena). On the contrary, mechanicism as a common name for all conceptions hostile to vitalism is in fact a basic method (in terms of a way or an attitude) of scientific work. The relation between these antagonisms takes often a form of a struggle. The first chapter of the article grasps the topic of life and the vitality of vitalism. The second one is a consideration on inspirational and resistant features of vitalism. The last chapter gives an explication of the scientific and the pre-scientific and of valorisation of vital phenomena. Although Canguilhemian “vitalism” as a demand cannot be labelled as science, it is still the reverse side of scientific work based primarily on mere naturalistic attitude.
3

CANGUILHEM A JACOB O ŽIVÉM

72%
Šarkadyová L.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2015
|
vol. 70
|
issue 1
38 – 46
EN
“Algorithms of life” is the term used by François Jacob in his perhaps most well-known book Logic of Life. Algorithms refer to the “program” that allows us to follow our goal in a very precise manner. We have a finite number of operations that can lead us to understand living beings in the way Jacob does. This does not mean that we can predict everything what will happen in our lives, but we are able to estimate with a high probability of success the future trajectory of the living being (we call it the program) as well as his/her origins (history, evolution of the organism). To understand an organism means to be able to follow these directions and not only analyse its current state. The author shall attempt to explore some counter-positions (for example that held by Georges Canguilhem) and to find the roots of Jacob’s theory. Some of them can be found for example in Claude Bernard’s theory.
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