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Secular trends in body weight and length of children aged 0–2 years. Longitudinal study of five consecutive birth cohorts between 1964–2003 from Wrocław, Poland

100%
Borysławski K., Kozieł S.
Anthropological Review
|
2016
|
vol. 79
|
issue 3
301-310
EN
The aim of this work is to evaluate the intensity of possible secular trends among the five subsequent cohorts of Wrocław (Poland) children aged 0, 6, 12 and 24 months. This document describes secular changes in the body length, weight and the Rohrer’s index. Material: Research material represent the longitudinal studies of five consecutive birth cohorts. The first study involved children born during 1963-1965, and the last in 2003-2005. All of the studies were related to the same social group and were conducted using the same methodology. There are differences in the intensity and direction of the secular trends in children depending on their age. In both sexes the body length of newborns kept increasing until the end of the nineties and decreased in the last decade. The body weight did not change during the 40-year period. This suggests an important role of maternal regulator in fetal development and therefore no clear response to external environmental factors. Secular changes such as the body length and weight, which are the most adequate to the economic changes in Poland, were observed in children aged 6 and 12 months. It may be a result of their highest ecosensitivity during this period. However, there have not been any clear trends observed in the 24 months age group. This may be due to the increasing participation of genetic factors in the development of the child.
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Dochodotwórcze oddziaływanie eksportu na PKB Polski na tle UE-15 i Niemiec w latach 1991–2007

75%
Guzek M.
Myśl Ekonomiczna i Polityczna
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2011
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issue 1-2(32-33)
57-69
EN
The article has been based on empiric examinations aimed at defining the influence of export on the GDP in Poland and Germany against a background of the European Union between 1991 and 2007. The phenomenon has been examined with the use of a ratio of the GDP to export (all data in current prices in euro) in subsequent years – the rate being treated as a kind of effect multiplier. It has been established that profit-generating influence of export in all the examined countries throughout the whole period is showing a decrease. It is assumed to be a result of the existence of grey market in the field of the GDP increases, which are unrecorded in the official statistics. It has been noticed, however, that a stronger decline of the rate occurred in the whole European Union in the years 2003 – 2007. In Poland and Germany it has a form of a trend line offset that indicates the overlapping of a new factor decreasing the profit-generating influence of export. The author proposes a hypothesis that in that period there was a stronger occurrence of a phenomenon of internalization, i.e. a multinational companies’ practice to unofficially transfer their profits abroad, mainly in the form of transfer prices that change some profits into costs and result in the GDP decrease.
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