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Geneze etnopolitických konfliktů v jižní Osetii a Abcházii (90. léta)

100%
Souleimanov E.
Slovanský přehled: historická revue pro dějiny střední, východní a jihovýchodní Evropy (Slavonic Review: Review for Central, Eastern and Southeastern European history)
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2008
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vol. 94
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issue 3
419-440
EN
With regard to a 'cold war', which governed Russian-Georgian relations, this study analyses initial phases of ethno-political conflicts between Tbilisi and the separatist republics of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, which received increasing support from Moscow provoked by the acute Russian-Georgian conflict. The essay opens with an analysis of the interior political development in Georgia in the late 80's. It shows that many events of the late Soviet period, which occurred between the Soviet headquarters and the Georgian periphery, significantly affected the character of Georgian policy towards separatist regions. Next, the essay analyses the outset of two ethno-political conflicts, which occurred within the brief existence of the Democratic Republic of Georgia (1919-1921). Attention is paid to antagonistic ethno-historiographic narratives of the Georgians, South Ossetians and Abkhazians, which formed an ideological foundation for separatists and the Georgian party. The article then concentrates on the escalation of conflicts, i.e. when sporadic exchanges of fire between local armed squads erupted into active conventional fighting (from the late 80's to the early 90's). Special attention is paid to Moscow's piece initiatives between 1992 and 1994.
2
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EVROPSKÁ IDENTITA V POSTOJÍCH GRUZÍNSKÉ SPOLEČNOSTI A ZAHRANIČNĚ POLITICKÉ ORIENTACI ZEMĚ

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Kašpar J., Hoch T.
Annales Scientia Politica
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2015
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vol. 4
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issue 2
33 – 41
EN
This paper analyses Georgian national identity from the position of liberal and constructivist approaches to international relations theory. Based on this theoretical framework, the aim of this text is to contribute to our understanding of how the European vector of Georgian national identity is constructed and how it impacts upon the pro-Western discourse of Georgian foreign policy. The research was conducted through an analysis of the academic literature supplemented by public opinion surveys in Georgia and the interviews with Georgian academics and members of civil society, carried out in June and July 2015.
3
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КАЙЗЕРОВСКАЯ ГЕРМАНИЯ У ИСТОКОВ НЕЗАВИСИМОСТИ ГРУЗИИ

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Chachava V.
Annales Scientia Politica
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2014
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vol. 3
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issue 2
42 – 47
EN
The article reflects the influence of imperial Germany on the struggle for independence and democracy in Georgia (1901 – 1921). It analyses also the international activity of political organizations of Georgia and the conditions of the agreement, which made Germany the guarantee of the Georgian independence.
4

CUBIST INFLUENCE IN GEORGIA: CUBO-FUTURISM, KIRILL ZDANEVICH, DAVID KAKABADZE

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Tsipuria B., Kipiani N.
ARS
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2014
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vol. 47
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issue 2
172 – 185
EN
Kirill Zdanevich and David Kakabadze are two artists most clearly carrying the Cubism influence in Georgia. It was logical that the awareness of Cubism aestheticism reached this small country in the South Caucasus, since by the edge of 1910s – 1920s a consistent interest in Modernist/avant-garde movements was increasing here. Intense artistic activities were held by poets and artists: Georgians, and those who came to Tbilisi in exile from Russian capitals. Symbolism, Futurism, Dadaism, Zaum, Cubo-Futurism were practiced, and multicultural and multi-aesthetical dialogue was established. Cubo-Futurism signs prevail in Kirill Zdanevich’s artworks. David Kakabadze, on the other hand, transforms the Cubist method in his own way and brings it clearly under his constructivist logic, using some Neoplastisism signs. Both artists, however, are united by a certain internal logic: an actual denial of the three dimensional nature of space, i.e. denial of the reflection of the shape into planes that are spatially relief-like and, therefore, descend into depth, the maximum extension onto the surface, attaching the utmost priority to flatness, and the simplicity of perception.
5
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POLISH ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH IN GEORGIA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY AND AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY

100%
Wozniak A.
Lud
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2004
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vol. 88
105-121
EN
Polish-Georgian contacts have had a long tradition. As early as the 17th and 18th centuries Polish missionaries in Georgia, who also acted as diplomats, wrote reports about Georgia. The most outstanding among them was T.J. Krusinski, a Jesuit, whose work was a source of information about Persia and the Caucasus (including the Georgians) from which Europe has drawn for centuries. Contacts between Poland and Georgia became most intense in the 19th century when both countries were part of the Russian empire. The first half of the 19th century was particularly abundant in works about the Caucasus and Georgia. It was the time when this area, called 'warm Siberia' by Russians, was populated by Poles deported here for their political activity. These publications, containing a lot of ethnographic information, were mostly memoirs and diaries, containing very picturesque descriptions of the country. In many cases the ethnographic aspect served as a background to purely literary works, often very romantic in genre. Among writers of that period mention should particularly be made of Mateusz Gralewski (1826-1891), whose memoirs describing his exile in the Caucasus, also carrying a lot of information about Georgia, were published after his return to Poland in 1877. One of the most outstanding scholars writing about Georgia, its history, literature and folklore was Kazimierz Lapczynski (1823-1892). He conducted his research, including paremiological studies, in the 1850s. Unfortunately, when he returned to Poland he managed to publish only a small part of the materials collected in Georgia. Among them was his translation of a poem by Schota Rustaweli, the most outstanding Georgian poet, entitled 'A knight in a tiger skin'. Lapczynski, with the extent of his research interest, inquiring mind, rare diligence and particularly the soundness of his research methods, was much ahead of his time. These qualities would rather place him in the positivism than romanticism, the epoch that shaped him spiritually. The second half of the 19th century was a new stage in Polish ethnographic research in Georgia. After the fascination with the Caucasus, which left its mark on the works written in the first period, which were mostly descriptive in nature, time has come for attempts at synthesis (Artur Leist, Edward Strumpf) and thematic research into Georgian folk medicine (Jan Minkiewicz), urban folklore (Józef Stefan Ziemba) or pioneer research into Polish community in Georgia (Rev. Julian Dobkiewicz), which opened new prospects of research focused on this region.
6

ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE IN TBILISI AND BATUMI: MUSLIM HERITAGE IN GEORGIA

88%
Piwko A.
Muzeológia a kultúrne dedičstvo
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2021
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vol. 9
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issue 4
69 - 83
EN
Georgia’s cultural wealth is the result of the country’s centuries-old history and complex ethnic, religious and political relations. Islam, present in these areas since the seventh century, was of significant importance for the shaping of Georgian architecture. Architectural elements characteristic of Middle Eastern art were thus transferred to a Christian country. Arabs and Persians left behind buildings and ornamental details. The article is the result of field research carried out in Georgia, the purpose of which was to identify the issues of shaping and preserving memory and cultural and religious identity in the Muslim community. Georgian Muslim architecture is heavily neglected and requires increased protection, and above all significant financial resources that are difficult to obtain from a small number of Islamic communities. On the other hand, contemporary trends in Georgian architecture are realized and financed by Muslim businesses.
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BUDOVÁNÍ POSTSOVĚTSKÉHO STÁTU. UKRAJINA A GRUZIE NA CESTĚ K DEMOKRACII A (NEBO) STABILITĚ?

75%
Kopeček V., Kašpar J.
Annales Scientia Politica
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2016
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vol. 5
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issue 1
17 – 31
EN
The article analyses political transformations in Ukraine and Georgia after Orange and Rose Revolutions. Both countries are treated as hybrid regimes and the concept of competitive authoritarianism is used as the main framework for the comparison. Afterwards, diverging political paths of Ukraine and Georgia are interpreted by means of the theory of patronal politics. In the conclusion we argue that whereas Ukraine’s political liberalisation lead to political chaos, economic stagnation and, finally, to the autocratic backsliding, Georgia’s focus on reforms under relatively autocratic Saakashvili’s administration resulted in relatively stable and efficient institutional framework, which enabled political liberalisation of the country after 2012.
8
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Konflikty na Kaukazie Południowym jako czynniki destabilizujące rzeczywistość społeczno-polityczną

75%
Fedorowicz K.
Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs
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2015
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issue 4
173-196
EN
The Author analyses the influence of conflict in Nagorno Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia on the domestic and foreign policy of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. He proves that the described confl ict for many years dominated in the political life of this country and was a basis of the ideology and the programs of elites struggling for power. In the struggle of the elites, the military elites played the main role, while being an important path to advancement to the peaks of power. The author tries to explain the influence of the Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia question on political transformation of the states in conflict. Another im-portant thread of the analysis is to search answers to the question, how tradition, culture, psychology, life styles and political interests of elites in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia affect the course and the effects of a peacemaking process aimed solving the Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
9
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SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY AND THE RUSSIAN THOUGHT. THE (RE)CONSTRUCTION OF THE IDEA

75%
Bohun M.
Annales Scientia Politica
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2016
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vol. 5
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issue 1
32 – 41
EN
This paper analyses Georgian national identity from the position of liberal and constructivist approaches to international relations theory. Based on this theoretical framework, the aim of this text is to contribute to our understanding of how the European vector of Georgian national identity is constructed and how it impacts upon the pro-Western discourse of Georgian foreign policy. The research was conducted through an analysis of the academic literature supplemented by public opinion surveys in Georgia and the interviews with a Georgian academics and members of civil society, carried out in June and July 2015.
10

Agresja czy samoobrona? Prawo Gruzji do użycia siły w sierpniu 2008 roku

75%
Marcinko M.
Międzynarodowe Prawo Humanitarne
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2011
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vol. 2
85-104
EN
According to the commonly shared opinion and experts’ views contained in various reports prepared by intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations (inter alia OSCE, EU and Amnesty International) an incident that triggered the so-called five-day war in August 2008 was the artillery fire aimed at Tskhinvali, the capital city of the breakaway region of South Ossetia, launched by the Georgian armed forces during the night of 7 to 8 August, 2008 in an attempt to “restore constitutional order” in South Ossetia by Georgia. It was, doubtless, the climax of the tensions that escalated in the region over the years, caused by mutual instigations and incidents often involving the use of military force. However, taking into consideration the stipulations of international law, we must ask a question whether Georgia was right to launch a military action in order to solve the Ossetic problem. The launch of the military action in South Ossetia is recognized by some politicians and lawyers preoccupied with international law as an act of aggression, whereas according to others it was an intervention aimed at the protection of Georgian civilians inhabiting the region of South Ossetia. Moreover, questions are being asked concerning the legitimacy of the Georgian army’s hostilities against the Russian troops that stationed in the aforementioned republic. Finally, actions in Abkhazia, in particular, in view of the legitimacy of the right to self-defence as quoted by Georgia, deserve a separate analysis.
11
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ORTHODOXY AS AN IMPORTANT ELEMENT OF MODERN GREEK IDENTITY IN THE 1860S – 1910S (AN EXAMPLE OF THE GREEK CHURCH OF ST. NICHOLAS IN BATUM)

75%
Tchkoidze E.
Konštantínove listy
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2022
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vol. 15
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issue 1
97 - 108
EN
A Georgian littoral city Batum, situated on the South-Eastern shores of the Black Sea, has had an interesting history in many respects. It was included in the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century. In 1878 Batum was reintegrated with Georgia (a part of the Russian Empire at that period). In the 1880s – 1910s it served as an industrially important city in the whole Russian Empire. At the same time, it was very colourful nationally and religiously. Greeks in Batum, one of its largest and oldest minorities, settled there in the 1850 and beyond. Batum’s Greeks were actively involved in all spheres of city life, especially in entrepreneurship, politics, culture and education. The Church of St. Nicholas was built in 1865 – 1871 by the local Greek flock. It is the first stone building and the first Christian monument which has survived up to now in Batum. The aim of the article is to present all aspects concerning the process of the building, from acquiring its permission to its completion. It is also underlined that the Church had mobilized and unified, on the one hand, the local Greeks and, on the other hand, the local Greeks with Greeks of Pontus and especially, of Trabzon. In the article a special emphasis is given to present the church as a centre of the Greek community. The article reveals that all successful Greeks of Batum were involved in activities initiated or organized by the church of St. Nicholas. It is evident that the church is the space that helps the Greeks of the diaspora to maintain such an important marker of identity as language. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century (i. e. before the sovietization of Georgia) it was the Church that united the Greeks living in the non-Greek space and strengthened their perception of their national identity and desire to preserve it. All this was happening in harmony and there are no cases of confrontation with local church circles or structures. The church was the factor that spiritually united the population of Batum and the Pontus region within the framework of two different empires.
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