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LEXICAL GERMANISMS IN THE VILNIUS 'DICTIONARY OF LANGUAGE ERRORS' BY JULIAN SZWED (Germanizmy leksykalne w wilenskim 'Slowniku bledów jezykowych' Juliana Szweda)

100%
Cieszkowski M., Medelska J.
Acta Baltico-Slavica
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2009
|
vol. 33
91-108
EN
The authors came to a conclusion that in the now forgotten 'Dictionary of Language Errors', published in Vilnius in 1931 and compiled by a local Polish scholar Julian Szwed, lexical Germanisms (over 180 words) dominate. This is a surprising statement because, as it is proved by research of the Northern Borderlands Polish language, used till the present day in Vilnius and in the Vilnius area, thet loan words from German are rare. When writing his handbook, J. Szwed most probably used not only Borderland sources, but also materials (including the press) originating from the Malopolska and Slask Cieszynski territories - previously annexed by Austria and abound withn Germanisms. The Germanisms collected in the 'Dictionary of Language Errors' are noteworthy for researchers studying the influence of German on Polish language and they should be used as a basis for various specifications and comparisons more often. The authors presented those lexical Germanisms recorded by Julian Szwed which are mentioned in at least one of the most significant vocabulary dictionaries of Polish, i.e.- as one may presume - are well-known (over 130 words). Only 30 percent of the excerpt is widespread. They are words noted in all dictionaries (approx. 20 percent), for instance 'bryftreger', 'obstalunek', 'szaber' and words certified by three dictionaries (approx. 10 percent), for instance 'gurt', 'mantel', 'sznaps'.
2
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Ways of Germanisms into Lithuanian

80%
Cepiene N.
Acta Baltico-Slavica
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2006
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vol. 30
241-250
EN
Already the first Lithuanian writings and old dialects contain a number of words adopted from other languages. Researchers often disagree on the ways of their entering the Lithuanian lexicon. Some of these loanwords must have come directly from the Germanic languages, mostly German, while others were received from the Slavic languages, mainly Polish, Belarusian or some other language. In this context the problem of the intermediary language is often pertinent. In his book 'Die Germanismen des Litauischen. Teil I: Die deutschen Lehnwörter im Litauischen', K. Alminauskis recorded 2,770 words; of that number about 130 loanwords are of uncertain origin. Sometimes the ultimate form of the borrowing does not help in determining its origin, because the phonetic and morphological structure of the German and Slavic base forms is fully or nearly identical, e.g. Lithuanian 'laterna', German 'Laterne', Latin 'laterna'; Lithuanian 'gruntas', Middle Low German 'Grunt', Polish 'grunt'. These Germanisms are not old borrowings in the Slavic languages, they passed into Polish in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Thus the Lithuanians and the Poles could have adopted them approximately at the same time. Some of them, lacking Polish phonetic and morphological features, could enter the Lithuanian language directly from the Germanic languages. Their sources could be various: the language and dialects of former East Prussia, Low German of Livonia, Baltic German (Baltendeutsch) language, Low German of Hansa merchants, and lastly the German language used in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Some words could enter Lithuanian via writings, in the translations of religious texts. It is also probable that some of them were taken over into Lithuanian directly from Latin through the works translated from Latin. They were not used in the spoken language, nor were they found in dialects. As Lithuanian written records are of comparatively late origin, the article presents some information on the history and ethnicities of Prussia. They must give a better understanding of German dialects as a source of numerous German borrowings in Lithuanian. .
3
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LEXICAL BORROWINGS IN THE LITHUANIAN DIALECT OF PUNSK (Zapozyczenia leksykalne w litewskiej gwarze punskiej)

80%
Roszko D.
Acta Baltico-Slavica
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2009
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vol. 33
75-90
EN
. The authoress describes the vocabulary of foreign origin in contemporary Lithuanian dialect of Punsk surroundings (the Punsk commune, Podlaskie voivodeship, in the North-East of Poland). She analyses changes in the use of borrowings in period indicated by the last 3-4 generations. She particularly pays attention to the latest lexical borrowings. The authoress indicated political, economic, social causes which led to the increase in the number of borrowings in the dialect. Moreover she completes the list of old slavisms which have not been mentioned so far. She also specifies the meanings of previously given slavisms. The authoress provides unregistered in the literature of subject singular forms of lexemes previously qualified as pluralia tantum, e.g. 'skripka' (violin) against 'skripkos' (plural); 'vailokas' (felt shoe) against 'vailokai' (plural). A numerous, unsteady group of the most recent polonisms which, as a rule, are quickly replaced by their Lithuanian equivalents under the influence of school was omitted in the list of lexemes of Slavonic origin.
4

GERMANISMEN ALS EIN UNTRENNBARER BESTANDTEIL DES SLOWAKISCHEN

80%
Vilčeková K.
Motus in verbo: časopis mladej vedeckej generácie
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2015
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vol. 4
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issue 2
31 – 43
EN
The main topic of this contribution is germanisms which used to be, or still are, used in the Slovak language. The first part clarifies the notion of language contact, which is the basis of the formation of germanisms (and other transposed words). The next chapters show particular examples of germanisms, divided according to a variety of aspects – the semantic aspect, the Slovak dialects aspect, temporal and geographic aspect and finally the aspect of various language levels. The conclusion describes the possibilities and assets of the usage of germanisms in the teaching process of German language in schools.
5
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Germanizmy w polu świat wokół człowieka w brneńskim hantecu i gwarze miejskiej Poznania

61%
Osowski B.
Bohemistyka
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2016
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vol. 16
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issue 2
109 - 124
EN
The article analyzes the semantic field around the world human and it’s individual subfields in the urban dialect of Brno and Poznan from germanism’s point of view. The analysis carried out in the context of a comparative reveal differences and common ground between the material and indicate their reasons for referring to the context of the historical-cultural-socially.
6
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Człowiek w świetle germanizmów w brneńskim hantecu i gwarze miejskiej Poznania

61%
Osowski B.
Bohemistyka
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2014
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vol. 14
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issue 3
216 - 240
EN
The article analyzes the urban dialects germanisms in Brno and Poznan from the field MAN. Cities don't neighbour to each other and they weren't In contact never before, so semantic structure of germanisms reflects both the differences due to the nature the specifics of each of the urban centers, and common features resulting from the current perception of reality (among Rother things attitudes to anthropocentrism) or common of historical-social-cultural phenomenons, which shared Brno and Poznan.
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