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1

CHAOS WHICH MAKES SENSE

100%
Krawczyk R.
Myśl Ekonomiczna i Prawna
|
2007
|
issue 3(18)
29-61
EN
The author concentrates on the analysis of the phenomenon of civilization as a major factor of the world development and the mechanism leading to formation of the future global order. The aim of the analysis is to attract our attention to the fact that the evolution of great civilizations is only at first glance accidental and chaotic. In reality it includes a certain logic similar to the one which rules language development. Seemingly, languages are fully controlled by their users and in reality they evolve as living creatures demonstrating a surprising independence of their users and remain beyond their control. The author juxtaposes the most important definitions of civilization and indicates that in their analyses the role of religious beliefs is overestimated. According to the author, religions constitute an important but only a component element of great civilization systems, their role systematically decreases because they are pushed aside from the sphere of public life to the sphere of privacy. The author claims that the most important 'constructive element' of civilization are geographical and natural conditions determining the form of traditional agriculture which indicate the most important features of civilization. In his paper the author uses research methods used in social science and international relations, namely analysis , comparative description and historical analysis.
2

Poland in the European Arena after Accession

75%
Góralczyk B.
Yearbook of Polish European Studies
|
2014
|
vol. 17
s.91-116
EN
Poland, as a middle-income and middle-sized power, has been constantly growing during the process of its post-Communist transformation (1990–2014). In this multilayered study the author employs the viewpoints of political science, sociology, economy, international relations, and even the philosophy of development. He concludes that with respect to both the contemporary and future role of Poland on the international scene, its domestic dynamics is no less important than its share of power on the global level. In that regard, after 2008 a fundamental change has been taking place, i.e. the erosion of Western domination, in contrast to the early years of Poland’s transformation, when it so eagerly wanted to be a part of the West. In particular this concerns the European Union, which has been the ‘modernization anchor’ for Poland. Following the crisis of 2008 the EU has been in a state of fl ux and structura crisis, the outcome of which is still uncertain. Simultaneously the events in Ukraine and the annexation of Crimea by Russia have created an era of new geostrategic challenges - and very close to Poland’s borders. Thus, Poland finds itself once again facing its classical dilemma: between Russia and Germany. The author concludes that Poland has no other choice than to elaborate a new raison d’etat, like in the early 1990s. However, in order to do this one needs domestic unity, which unfortunately is lacking in Poland now. And this is the major challenge it faces.
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