In discussing globalization, various authors refer for different reasons to the category of hybridity and hybridization of culture. Each time it becomes a tool with the use of which they attempt to solve various, at times similar, sometimes disparate problems. Searching for answers to different questions and thus rendering the category of hybridization dissimilar meanings, social scientists engage it into contexts of manifold researches, controversies and debates. At the same time, the said category - when introduced into the realm of disputes over globalization - provokes one to pose further questions and spawns another discussions and controversies. Over the past few years the category of hybridization has become increasingly present in numerous conceptions and discourses on globalisation It has been referred to by various authors, both by the opponents and enthusiasts of globalisation, by those who lay hope in its progression and by those who fear it. In fact, even the hardest critics of certain uses and abuses of the notion of hybridization, can create new meanings and contexts for the use of it.
The paper considers the necessity to reflect more closely upon the contradictions within discourses of modernism / modernity. Such discourses are often embedded in the discussions on the issue of globalisation, marked by the 'silent' premises of euro centrism present within the logic of cultural transmission from the centre to the periphery. Such theoretical framework must be considered inadequate and scanty in the light of contemporary world culture. Any attempt to effectively analyse the tensions, ambiguities and disjunctions of globalisation and modernity shall take into consideration the processes of production and reproduction of the multiple and various modernities. These were adequately described by Arjun Appadurai, Nestor Garcia Canclini or Jose Maria Barbero. Closer took upon in congruencies and ruptures accompanying the emergence of such vernacular modernisms across the world brings the idea of modernisation as hybridisation.
The article is trying to interpret the social thought of Bogdan Janski in the context of contemporary economic relations. Janski, Polish philosopher and priest, was forced to emigrate after Polish uprising of November 1830. It is necessary to look for global rationality while confronting the challenges of European integration, the globalisation process and unsolved problems of underdevelopment, poverty and unemployment. The social thought of Janski can inspire process of deep social and economic re-evaluation. For Janski the basis of every renewal is personal change according to ideas of social personalism. The roads to social and economic development as well as to the global new deal and to the growth of the IV Republic go through the area of fundamental values. Only deep personal change, nursing civil virtues in the service of higher values can lead to solving social problems and building civil society.
International synchronisation of business cycles is an important research area of contemporary open economy macroeconomics, and thus a major focus of the literature on the economics of international rela¬tions. Since the issue is very wide, a number of complex and advanced methods can be applied to analyse it, which has given rise to a broad debate on relevant methodology. The aim of the paper is to overview the key methodological aspects and problems of the modern empir¬ical studies on international synchronisation of business cycles. The author focuses on the following analyti¬cal problems: methods most commonly used in detecting the business cycle synchronisation (convergence), methods of detrending (filtration) in time-series analysis, and the type of data used (panel data studies).The presentation of methodology is illustrated by selected examples of their use in empirical studies in the Polish and foreign literature.
The authors raise an extremely important, yet controversial, issue concerning the future of the European Model of Agriculture (EMA) under the circumstances of increased globalisation. In various respects, EU agriculture constitutes an exceptional subsystem, which has emerged as a result of implementing the Common Agricultural Policy. The study includes an analysis of the underlying features embedded in this model, significant for its competitiveness under globalisation conditions. The analysis also covers the consequences of globalisation, such as the necessity to verify the categories marginal to agricultural production conditions, and the impact of globalisation on food safety. As the final conclusion, the authors suggest a number of premises indicating that globalisation, without specific political and economic measures, may result in downgrading the EMA, which may lead to its rejection or decline, hence to the marginalisation of agriculture in the EU countries.
Global flows and their geopolitical power relations powerfully shape the environments in which children lead their everyday lives. Children’s images, imaginations and ideas of distant places are part of these global flows and the everyday activities children perform in preschool. Research explores how through curricula young children are moulded into global and cosmopolitan citizens and how children make sense of distant places through globally circulating ideas, images and imaginations. How these ideas, images and imaginations form an unproblematised part of young children’s everyday preschool activities and identity formation has been much less explored, if at all. The author uses Massey’s (2005) concept of a ‘global sense of place’ in her analysis of ethnographic data collected in an Australian preschool to explore how children produce global qualities of preschool places and form and perform identities by relating to distant places. She pays special attention to how place, objects and children become entangled, and to the sensory aspects of their emplaced experiences, as distant spatialities embed in and as children’s bodies inhabit the preschool place. To conclude the author calls for critical pedagogies to engage with children’s use of these constructions to draw similarities or contrast aspects of distant places and self, potentially reproducing global power relations by fixing representations of places and through uncritically enacting stereotypes.
The issue of law and the environment and its change are conditioned by several factors, such as ideology, the impact of the global political system, geopolitics and internal system of states. It is difficult to categorize effects and the importance of individual factors. The system of international law in theory is understood differently. Also in the area of globalisation we live in. This idea was stressed also by International Law Commission of UN. In its report from 2006 named Fragmentation, diversification and extension of the international law and in this report are stressed difficulties rising of this process with regards to globalisation. It is stressed problems arising from the new branches of international law conditioned by development of science and technology, the new problems connected with globalisation etc. This article devoted also the problem of division of international law stressing so call self-contained branches, principles of interpretation of elementary principles of international law. Prediction of its development is difficult. These principles should perhaps add the principle of the right to live in peace and the principle of respect for human rights for all. International law in our view should change into the world law. It may be largely changing in the world in two ways: 1. as the law of mankind, the earth to any existing civilizations on other celestial bodies and their laws. This reasoning is theoretical, hypothetical. 2. The concept of international law, global law would be more consistent with realities.
The paper examines the problem of change in Central-Eastern European museum education in the globalising world. The main objective is to answer the question of whether museums located in peripheral regions of semi-peripheral states introduce patterns developed in global core-states or maintain the approach invented during the former political period. Its main assumption is that globalisation is a discursive process engaging global, national and local cultural elements, leading to reshaping of local patterns. The paper is based on 14 in-depth interviews conducted with curators working at local museums of the Sub-Carpathian and Košice regions, supported by four interviews carried out with museum workers of national museums in Warsaw and Bratislava.
In the global world, new paradigms of social development are constantly established. Universities are at an intersection of two interests in the bachelor's degrees of education: the students are demanding more practical experience, but the educators condition the acquisition of practical skills also by a necessary level of understanding the phenomena through the necessary amount of theoretical knowledge of the domain. This paper points to this conflict of interest against the background of some of the global researches that unequivocally point to a higher theoretical education of staff, which allows implementing hands-on activities with a high degree of efficiency. It indicates a variety of approaches and views of the managerial and marketing theory today commenting on current phenomena in social development and at the same time presenting the writer's thought on possible directions of university study orientation in the field: marketing communications.
The author characterises the dichotomy of economic rationality and values as it was formed in economic theory from the modern times until today. The pretension of the homo oeconomicus model to universality (mainly with the occurrence of neoliberalism) raised discussions within social sciences. It has been criticized also in the economy as such with attempts to find a new paradigm which would supersede the dichotomic way of thinking and respond appropriately to the calls for integration, mainly of the social and ecological dimension, which is becoming more and more urgent in the processes of globalisation.
Recognising the close interrelationships between social change and paradigm shifts, this article contributes to an interpretation of conceptual change in the study of borders. While borders continue to have considerable relevance today, we need to revisit them in light of their constantly changing historical, political, and social contexts, grasping their shifting and undetermined nature in space and time. The article underlines the multilevel complexity of borders – from the geopolitical to the level of social practice and cultural production at and across the border at different levels and, thus, not only along the dividing lines of nation-state sovereignties. It seeks to make a constructive contribution to debate within border studies by encouraging a productive understanding of the processual, deterritorialised, and dispersed nature of borders and their ensuring regimes in the era of globalisation and transnational flows, as well as showcasing border research as an interdisciplinary field with its own academic standing. Adopting the borderscapes concept as a central organising element, this article advocates for a relational approach to borders which takes into account complementary perspectives that consider the interaction between political visions and everyday socio-cultural practices, as well as social representations and artistic imaginaries.
We live in times of contradicting globalisation processes, tensions between civilisations and conflicts between different cultures. We consider globalisation, which with regards to all its advantageous and disadvantageous traits critically as an ambivalent phenomenon. It is currently the reason and context of the intercultural and the transcultural phenomena. However, it is necessary to realise that the result of all the factors influencing of globalisation always takes place at a specific location. A global network integrates and absorbs local networks to the global system, not excluding even the urban units – towns. The objective of this article is to disrobe the process of globalisation in the “railway town” and increase awareness of some connections between global and local phenomena.
By now the utilisation of theoretical knowledge of forecasting relied on economic system of a national economy. But the share of foreign capital in the national economy is increasing and it is not more possible to explain the phenomenon of economic development - and to forecast too - only on the base of internal disposition of individual countries. There are enclaves emerging in a national economy which are subordinated to different development determinations. These changes are proved not only by evidence but by the theory as well. On other hand, picture of global economy is rather fragmented than compact. It outlines that the processes running in it are fragmentary too. It seems unlikely to work-out its general theory as well. Different starting points are possible for the orientation in such a future development. Among these, the pragmatic solutions of dominating problems raised by acute necessities of development alone are taken for in this article.
Facing the globalized and increasingly competitive environment, the manufacturing sector of each economy is forced to its own continual competitiveness growth. Along with the intensifying competitiveness more attention is given to the industrial policy measures assigned to enhance the performance of the domestic firms. The raising attention to the European industrial policy could be connected with the problems linked to de-industrialisation and to the fears of de-localization (the European Union's manufacturing base moving out of Europe) as well. The first part of the presented article analyses the relationship between industrial policy and competitiveness. The following two parts are focusing on EU industrial policy, its development and the latest trends.
Presented paper is supposed to contribute to a discussion and arguments on two key methodological aspects of the research attitudes towards globalisation. The first one consists in the reasoning and defining of globalisation as a qualitatively new phase of world economy development, fundamentally different from internationalisation. Globalisation is related to a transition towards a new stage of human civilisation, the result of which is its recent process connected to a sharpening of the several contradictions, mostly in economic, social and ecological area. Based on this fact, the author derives a need for the second methodological aspect which requires a constructive-critical approach to its exploring that will be able to create scientific foundation for overcoming of its contradictions.
In the second half of the 20th century efforts were launched in various countries of the world that led to the creation of the foundations of an organisational system referred to as the 'seed industry', which groups plant breeding and seed producing firms, as well as institutions responsible for the correct functioning of the sector. Progressing globalisation has resulted in the intensification of concentration processes in the seed industry. At present, the world production of seeds is dominated by several firms which operate on the global scale as producers not only seeds but also chemicals for agriculture, and medicines and biotechnological products. Simultaneously, the process of the state's withdrawal from supporting the practical plant breeding has started. Also observable is the growing role of self-government organisations grouping plant growers and producers of seeds, which begin to replace the state in the decision-making processes relating to the seed industry. Since the early 1990s the plant breeding sector in Poland has received assistance amounting to PLN 0.5 billion, for the restructuring of the existing companies. Despite that assistance the share of certified seeds in the total amount of grain used for sowing has decreased to 6% and the share of certified seed-potatoes has slumped to 3%. The export of Polish seeds is far lower than the export of seeds from the Czech Republic or Slovakia. Simultaneously, foreign firms are intensifying their expansion onto to the Polish market. The area of seed plantations of foreign varieties of spring barley is already larger than that of the seed plantations of Polish varieties of barley, whereas the area of seed plantations of foreign varieties of winter wheat is now only slightly smaller than the area of plantations supplying Polish varieties of seeds. Subsidies to plant breeding will be liquidated in 2007. Therefore, there is an urgent need to spin off the plant breeding entities from the existing companies and start ownership transformations using capital provided by foreign investors and/or by the employees-shareholders of the spin off entities.
The placing of the concept 'citizen' in the context of globalisation makes it possible to approach it using the category of 'cosmopolitism' and the related dispute between the advocates of 'pluralism' and those of 'hegemony'. In the debates on cosmopolitism, the transition from the classic concept of 'citizen' to that of 'citizen of the world', or cosmopolite, is generally regarded as something obvious, just as is its territorial extension. The concept of the citizen thus becomes transcendental and virtual. Usually its Greek roots are pointed to, as 'cosmo-polites'\ is derived from the word osmos', an ordered world, the universe and 'polites', a citizen. The historians of concepts are, however, right to point out that in its original form, that is, among the cynics and the stoics, the word 'cosmopolites' was understood in a philosophical and moral rather than in a political sense. It was a deliberate rejection of 'polis' as a specific place and a specific political order, in favour of a universal space and natural law. Humans, as inhabitants of the universe, are subject only to the authority of the world-penetrating 'logos', the principles and laws with which they were able to become acquainted by applying their own rationality; this very capability was an obligation to observe those principles and laws and to comply with them. Because of its very nature, the concept of a 'cosmopolite' is thus apolitical, or, in other word, not uncitizen-like.
The article examines the issue of social justice. It highlights the shortcomings of reflections on justice based on the assumption that the extent of social justice is constrained by the boundaries of a nation state. The paper emphasises the necessity of modifying normative models of justice with regard to the process of globalization. The author’s reasoning is based on the current cosmopolitanism, especially on Darrel Moellendorf’s critical appraisal of the ideas of John Rawls. The aim of this paper is to analyse the specific lines of argumentation of selected theorists of justice they choose in clarifying the nature and origin of the commitments of global justice.
The article presents the influence of globalisation processes in the macro-scale on the activity conducted in agriculture's environment and, especially the impact of these processes on the demand for food and its global supply (in the OECD countries). The observable changes call for the introduction of new institutional solutions in the sphere of co-operation between food producers and the trade infrastructure. The introduction of new solutions leads to the emergence of new forms of co-operation in the sphere of sale of mass-produced and niche food articles which permit to meet the demand of the emerging new sub-segments of the market in Poland both in urban agglomerations and in rural areas.
The article describes the impact of globalisation processes on changes in organic agriculture and the market of food articles produced with the help of organic methods. An analysis of changes occurring in organic agriculture shows that it has undergone an essential transformation over the past two decades turning from agriculture having a local character into a sector linked through more and more numerous ties to the global system both in the sphere of production and in the sphere of distribution and consumption. In the last several years the emerging agro-food sector has become covered by the principal components of the global policy consisting of uniform legal regulations, a certification and accreditation system and in a large measure also by uniform principles of the international trade in ecological products. Still in the 1960s and in the 1970s most countries were applying their own national criteria to organic farming, and the production, distribution and consumption of food produced with the help of organic methods had a predominantly local character. In the following years the scale of the system's links began to increase steadily, with individual countries adopting uniform criteria of organic farming. Nearly all countries of the world have been gradually included in the international trade in products supplied by organic agriculture
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