Globalization processes raise many emotions, controversies and changes in international relations, ties and cooperation. Presented attitudes vary from enthusiasm to its total critic. In the center one finds those ones with positive attitudes towards globalization, or those who take advantages of its pragmatic values. The author assumes that there are three 'schools' of thinking about the globalization and each of them contain extreme and reasonable views. In general one may say that enthusiasts consider globalization as a potential factor of global effectiveness and increase of standards of lives in every corner of our planet. The pessimists think that free market, globalization of trade and financial markets, and of information, lead to one unified global market and cultural patterns. Globalsceptics think that globalization it is only a myth because nothing new has happened to the existing integration of the world market. They reject the thesis of globalists that the power of state has been limited. On the contrary, the states are the major players and architects of international economy. The third group, the supporters of global transformations, think that the contemporary globalization has far reaching consequences for the economic, political and socio-cultural relations. The author presents a table with 14 most important issues with views of both fractions of globalists. Other problems analyzed by the author are: notions and characteristics of globalization, attitudes towards globalization, global problems and their classification (socio-economic and civilization-culture relations, problems connected with the scientific and technical progress and problems of the milieu). As the last issue the author analyzes the impact of the international terrorism on globalization.
The article is divided into two parts of which the first provides the reader with a concise description of the globalization process whereas the second part analyses the impact of globalization on changes in enterprise strategy. By analysing the evolution of the globalization process, the author shows the prime mover of globalization in the form of a series of specific favourable conditions for its development, and developing processes in the form of economic spheres which are significant for its development, and its characteristic features that result from these activities. The second larger part of the article presents an analysis of changes in the strategies of enterprises caused by globalization, especially those in the general strategy prepared at the level of the board of directors, competition strategy (created at the line-of-business level) and marketing strategy.
The article dwells on the complex problem of globalisation and, in particular, on its influence on both modern Western and traditional Arab societies. It presents the dilemmas related to the contact of local culture and the modern one in the context of the Arab world. Apart from this, it touches upon some of the basic problems related to globalisaton, such as the asymmetrical development of particular regions of the world, the restricted role of the nation state, the impact of globalisation on the social environment and the emergence of trends towards particularism, aimed against the process of uniformising the world.
Since 1991 the Committee on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises (CIME) and Committee on Capital Movements and Invisible Transactions (CMIT) work on joint project of multilateral pact concerning investments. Multinational Agreement on Investment (MAI) is considered to be a new quality in international treaties. It requires from the would-be participating states unconditional acceptance of obligations stemming out of those treaties and defines rules, which the involved states have to apply when agreement on international investment is signed. Such treaties are defining regulations and describing methods of solving problems, allowing the states to bring their cases to the international courts. Often voiced criticism against MAI can be seen as an effect of deep reservations of some nations concerning the world globalization. The critical attitudes can be summed up in five points: 1. Economic globalization went too far. Free movement of goods is not favored in every country. 2. The balance between the state and the market has been destroyed. The corporations have too much say. 3. Globalization is a challenge for a national sovereignty. 4. Globalization reduces transparency and political responsibility moving authority from elected representatives to non-elected international bureaucrats. 5. Globalization limits national and local possibilities making political and economic choices.
Tourism as a modern phenomenon is connected with numerous trends and processes attracting attention of the social scientists in Slovakia. The case study deals with the strategies of local management in tourism. The aim of the managers is to transform the city to the attractive destination for tourists. To accomplish it, however, they have to balance between globalization and local processes and constraints.
This paper analyses the relationship between liberalization of trade policy and dynamic of real merchandise import of Latin America countries, utilizing models based on panel data. Gross Domestic Product and relative prices are found to be significant determinants of import demand function. The results also show that the reduction of import duties and elimination of other trade distortions have a strong, positive impact on real import growth.
The article concerns current challenges in educational work with youth from middle schools. Educational challenges on the global level and those related to changes in our country are enumerated in the first part. The second part is the analysis of teachers' opinions on the subject of current challenges connected with working with youth. The article ends with a reflection on the teacher's role in the alternating reality.
This article argues that the development of genetic technologies has to be critically evaluated from a socio-political economy perspective to establish if, on balance, the benefits of such technologies outweigh their costs and risks. The article illustrates how the current governance of these technologies can be seen as 'undemocratic' because corporate interests dominate the directions in which the technologies are going. When aligned with the underlying socio-economic power structures globally, these technologies create a situation where the development of science and technology fail to be about the common good. The article begins with a brief overview of neo-liberal globalization. It examines key global institutional arrangements including the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, international patenting laws and free trade agreements. It is argued that in their convergence with the biosciences, these are antithetical to democracy, instead entrenching the interests of corporations, rich elites and rich countries. Finally, some suggestions for reforming the global political economy are presented.
Globalization is currently a key factor determining the development of world economy. Therefore, its processes are vital for particular state economies which should be noticed and appreciated in those countries. The authors deal with the problem of relationship between globalization and developmental processes in the Belorussian economy. The article places emphasis on the level of the openness of the Belorussian economy. The authors emphasize the fact of a limited share of Belarus in the global economy. At the same time, however, they point out the gradual process of internationalization of the Belorussian economy.
Over the past two decades a significant changes has been recorded in Slovak consumer goods market. They were produced by globalizing a commercial exchange. The changed competition environment is characterised by a different degree of intensity of cooperation between the manufacturers and distributors such as retailers at this time. The paper represents an approach based on two levels. That theoretical defines a question concerning the globalisation and the competition in trade. The operational level of this study seeks to explain a particular practices and methodological aspects of concentration and competition in the consumer goods market.
Many experts believe that the reasons for ongoing economic crisis lie in the financial market. Liberalization of capital flows and technological progress allowed the globalization of financial markets, leading to emergence of liquid financial markets, with, in turn, resulted in a divergence between real and financial spheres. However, the crisis on financial market has not significantly affected food production. The production for consumption purposes in developed countries slowed down, though it was compensated by growth in developing countries. Further growth in demand for food in developing countries may trigger an increase of prices, which in turn may contribute to significant changes in perception of the development of global food economy. It seems that the initiated socioeconomic changes may be a sign of striving for a more sustainable global development.
Mutual neighbourhood relations between Russia, Belarus and the European Union are for both sides one of the most important priorities of their foreign policies. However, there are sometimes moments of tension in international relations between the EU, Russia and Belarus, although a big crisis is unlikely as they need each other. To make their relations decidedly better, the UE should concentrate on business and not on values. Whereas Russia and Belarus should take into consideration, that the good friendly neighborhood relations in fact mean joint interests and profits.
The author of this article makes an attempt to point out that 'contemporary conditions', especially globalization processes exert a significant influence on the functioning of the public sector and, consequently, on its model approach. Accordingly, neither traditional model of a welfare state nor neoliberal economy model can fully explain the functions and duties of the public sector and its relation to the environment. This indicates a need for a new model of public sector which will be adequate to the fast-moving environment, even if we assume some stability of certain elements of the sector.
The paper is a review of literature on gender aspects of social movement's protest against globalization. It divides the movements according to gender of participants to grassroots women's movements against globalization, gender-neutral anti-globalization movement and masculine movements that express anti-globalization stance. It focuses specifically on activism against sweatshop labor and its transnational networks, connections, and its positive and negative effects. It analyses the gender aspects of the anti-globalization movement and its relation to feminism and feminist movement. It deals with the problem why it is difficult to incorporate gender into the critique of globalization and at the same time to add anti-capitalist view to feminist movement. The authoress argues that neoliberal globalization activates on one side efforts to emancipate women from oppressive (working) conditions while it incites masculine, patriarchal reactions on the other side of the globe. The militaristic masculine movements together with the neoliberal global masculinity are threats for women's movements for liberation.
In this paper we examine the degree of attractiveness of 134 national economies from the point of view of multinational producers – foreign investors – during the period 2011 – 2012. Our theoretical framework is determined by the so-called varieties of capitalism theory that enables us to describe the examined economies in terms of their institutional setup. We use factor analysis to identify latent factors that characterize the institutions of capital markets, labour markets, and government interventions in the field of fiscal policy and redistribution. Our results imply that labour market institutions and characteristics represent the decisive factor in determining the degree of attractiveness of these economies. According to our results, Slovak economy belongs to the group of the most attractive countries; however, the sustainability of this position critically depends on labour market developments – notably on maintaining the flexibility of employing workers, and the relatively high level of labour force qualifications and skills.
The article deals with problems of an inception and existence of sovereign wealth funds in a present world, with their size, types and goals. These funds do not present an economic problem, but they invoke fears concerning a national security and a state sovereignty in case of their entrance into the sensitive industries as a defence industry, energy, an infrastructure etc. in host countries. So there is an effort to establish an international regime of this fund performance which would increase especially their transparency and accountability. Except from it there is discussed the existence of these fund as one form of an external imbalance manifestation and also the manifestation of a changing hegemony in today’s world from developed countries in favour of Asiatic states.
Article provides a general framework of Manuel Castells' theory of the Network Society which is successively presented in his three-book series entitled: 'The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture'. The concept of the Network Society refers to general social change which reflects on technological transformation connected with rapid diffusion of ICTs, a process popularly conceived as 'informational revolution'. This explains why we start with the notion of 'informational society' and 'knowledge-based society' terms introduced by such economists like Machlup and Porat, and subsequently popularised by Bell, Ginzberg, Naisbitt, Drucker, Toffler and Masuda. Nowadays we have observed an immense stream of research that is concentrated on social, economic, political and cultural consequences of rapid digitalisation (e.g. Social Informatics). In the field of the Informational Age and its cultural consequences, Manuel Castells stand for the most important theoretician.
Article refers to the importance and grounds of marketing conception in conditions of global economy in spite of scepticism and criticism of the marketing theory. According to the Slovak and International companies it also refers to the important tendencies of the marketing theory and practice.It presents the development of marketing theory from the beginning till present. It analyses influence of global processes on the companies marketing activities.
The period of the latest crisis (2008-2009) aroused an increased interest of the economists and politicians in ethical issues. On the one hand, their attention was focused on questions of a marked lack of moral principles which is said to be an essential source of causes of the crisis. On the other hand, however, that situation gave rise to a real insight into questions of fundamental nature showing ethics as a bond in social life. The crisis that occurred at the beginning of the 21st century shows that the market enforced a correction of strategies and gave a poor mark to the system of functioning of consumerist societies that live beyond their means and yield to advertisements and marketing. The present crisis should force us to revise the prevailing paradigms, it should enforce new systemic and institutional solutions, but above all it should initiate an honest discussion on sustainable global development. A unique character of the observed phenomena (when it comes to the universality and simultaneousness of their occurrence) indicates that the world of business is going to face tremendous changes and the theory of economics will have to cope with new challenges. World market economy drammaticaly needs new ideas and a serious interest in processes that occur on the economic, political and social plane.
Globalization and liberalization of the global economy give an increasing opportunity for domestic firms to internationalize their operation. There are several different ways of entering the foreign market, from export to direct investments. According to the J. H. Dunning's eclectic theory of international production, which is widely accepted as the best theoretical explanation of foreign direct investments (FDI), a firm only makes direct investments when three conditions are simultaneously fulfilled. These are ownership advantages, location advantages and internalization advantages. The article seeks to explain, on the theoretical basis, the necessary conditions for the firm to undertake FDI. The last part gives the theoretical introduction to problem of Home Market Effects of FDI
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