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1

Damaging of skeletal remains of deceased individuals in the Great-Moravian environment from the territory of Slovakia

100%
Hanuliak M.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2006
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vol. 54
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issue 1
143-166
EN
The finds of the damaged skeletal remains of deceased individuals are not unusual at the Great-Moravian archaeological sites. Their bones in such cases are usually broken or moved from their natural anatomical position or some of them are missing in a grave pit. These anomalies can be considered to be the accidental activities caused by building or earthworks, soil cultivation, results of rodents or vegetation, eroded bones, shift of bones in a hollow room of grave construction or in burying of the deceased into an older grave pit. The collection under study is representing a volume of 7.4% from the Great-Moravian finds. The mentioned damaging activity was oriented on the various parts of the dead bodies. The frequency of the interventions grows with increasing age of the individuals and also during the interval of burying. The evaluated features are different at the various sites. It means that every of the contemporary communities had its own priorities in intentional damaging of some parts of human remains according to sex, age and depending on a chronological period, in which some special reasons occurred that determine these activities. The results of the analyses showed that the broken dead bodies were not in a connection with the grave robbing. The information that individuals with broken bodies do not differ in a remarkable way from the others buried according to various aspects of funeral rite, property or social status is also relevant. Their graves are unevenly scattered among other burials at the site. The skeletal material had no anomalies that would make these individuals exceptional. Also this was the reason why they were buried with traditional ceremonies and their graves were equipped with the gifts according to their property status. The closest sources for interpretation of intentional damaging of the dead bodies are the ethnological ones, which describe the interventions made on the individuals - revenants - who after their death could cause harm to the living persons on health, economic success or in other important aspects of their lives. Reasons for such interventions could originate in imperfections in the funeral ceremonies as well as in unfulfilled deceased's promises or in an unusual way of their death. Frequency of the studied cases proves that the interventions were not realized on a mass scale, but only occasionally.
2

CHILD INDIVIDUALS IN THE GREAT MORAVIAN MILIEU BASED ON CEMETERY SOURCES FROM THE TERRITORY OF SLOVAKIA

80%
Hanuliak M.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2006
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vol. 54
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issue 2
259-284
EN
Analyses of the cemetery material have been aimed in bringing the image of the child individuals status in the Great Moravian society. The obtained information have proved notion of the children's lowest position in a real life. This was caused by their high mortality and lacking usefulness for the remaining social groups. On the other hand, the changes in archaeological material from the burial sites show that the affiliation of these individuals with the sexless group of the family relationships is not constant. The adult's attitude to children advanced in accordance with the particular stages of their biological and physical development. It gradually passed from the form of compulsory acceptance through the tolerated cohabitation stage to the phase of the initial creation of the natural bindings in the relevant spheres of the life. The activities of the adults that were carried on in accord with the standards of the early medieval consuetudinary law were the parts of this process. They included the vitality tests of the newborn children as well as applying of selective principle in intaking of the children into the family unions. These have their roots in the utilitarian needs of an economic character. Their influence has been expressed in rituals burying of certain groups of the individuals out of a community necropolis. Grave of another children were dug in less respectable marginal parts of the grave groups. However, we cannot fail to notice raising expressions that are documenting a positive change in adult's relation to children. As child's age grew, we meet more frequently with the manifestations of the respect, attention and performed work in size and adjustment of the grave pits, or arranging of the dead bodies into a ritual position. In material culture this trend presented itself in increasing number of the graves with a burial inventory, while its structure changes and numbers of the artifact types grows. This is the reason why we meet artefacts connected with working activities more frequent. Exemplars placed to buried individuals for emotive reasons are lesser. Another indications are more frequent graves with higher number of artifacts and their determination according to the deceased's sex. The information given here is treating the problem under study in the generalizing way. This accounts the results in global to be valid for the whole Slovakia, but not at every burial site. This situation was caused by the fact that the items of the Great Moravian funeral rite were not adjusted by any written standards or repression for their non-keeping. The practical side of their content was developed in a spontaneous way. Its final shape varied in the connection with giving more preference to the economic, social or cultic and the ritual reasons.
3

KLÁŠŤOV HILL – AN EXCEPTIONAL CASE OF RELIGIOUS CUSTOMS AND NOTIONS IN THE SLAVIC WORLD (EASTERN MORAVIA, CZECH REPUBLIC)

70%
Kouřil P.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2021
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vol. 69
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issue suppl 2
431 – 439
EN
The paper offers relevant information concerning Klášťov, the dominant summit of the Vizovice Hills in eastern Moravia, where Moravia’s highest-positioned stronghold was built in the period of the Lusatian Urnfield culture. Later, in the 9th and 10th c., it was used by the domestic population above all for cult purposes; traces of a more permanent occupation have not been detected there yet. The text also presents an exceptional local finding of a brass inlaid trefoil iron sword set fitting, probably a local imitation of Carolingian models (?). It represents a high-quality, professionally made art and craft product whose popularity culminated in the second and third quarters of the 9th c. in the West. It might have occurred also later in the Moravian milieu.
4
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DER BURGWALL GROSSER BERG BEI DIVINKA. VORBERICHT

61%
Fusek G., Holeščák M.
Študijné zvesti
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2019
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issue 66
161 – 171
EN
Preliminary report presents both past and most recent archaeological excavations at the hillfort in Divinka. Located in the mountainous region of northwest Slovakia, this hillfort was inhabited during the three historical periods. The article briefly deals with the endmost, Early Medieval Period, more precisely the younger stage of the Great Moravian Period. The separate components of the hillfort, settlement features and the construction of its rampart are defined. The dating to the younger stage of the Great Moravian Period is based on select decorated metal artefacts (ring, fitting with neck and loop and three spurs). The result of the radiocarbon dating of the rampart of the outer bailey makes it possible to specify the time of its construction from the end of the 9th to the first three decades of the 10th century.
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