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ETHANOL POLICIES AND WELFARE UNDER THE PRE-EXISTING FUEL AND LABOUR TAXES

100%
Cooper K. B., Drabik D.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2019
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vol. 67
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issue 8
791 – 810
EN
We develop a tractable general equilibrium model to analyse the welfare implications of a biofuel blend mandate and consumption subsidy in the presence of pre-existing labour and fuel taxes. We find empirically that the tax interaction and revenue recycling effects are significant relative to the overall costs of the policies and previous partial equilibrium studies. We find that removing the tax credit used in combination with a binding mandate – which mirrors the expiration of the U.S. blender’s tax credit at the end of 2011 – yields a net welfare gain of only USD 9 million; this is significantly less than the welfare gain of USD 357 million attributable to fiscal interaction effects. This interesting result is due to the binding nature of the mandate. We find that the welfare cost of the blend mandate alone is USD 8.3 billion, which includes a tax interaction effect of USD 1.54 billion. We also find empirically that the tax credit is welfare superior to the mandate for a given level of ethanol consumption because the fuel tax is above the external costs of greenhouse gas emissions. This result is robust to the presence or absence of the labour tax.
2

DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION BASED ON ITS SECTORAL STRUCTURE

100%
Drastichová M.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
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2018
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vol. 66
|
issue 8
798 – 820
EN
Climate change is a serious threat to sustainable development (SD). A Decomposition Analysis (DA) of the data on Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions in the European Union (EU) in 2008 – 2014 was carried out using the Log-Mean Divisia Index Method (LMDI). To detect the factors behind de/coupling of GHG emissions from Gross Value Added (GVA) in the EU-28, changes of GHG emissions were divided into three effects. The negative intensity effect showed the highest absolute magnitude in the overall period 2008 – 2014 and the two partial periods 2008 – 2011 and 2011 – 2014. The composition effect also helped reduce GHG emissions, but to a lesser extent. The scale effect boosted increases of GHG emissions except for two years, 2009 and 2012, which was related to the effects of the economic crisis. Transportation and storage along with the Agriculture, forestry and fishing activities should be addressed more significantly in relation to GHG emissions.
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