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EN
In this article the author has attempted to present the policy of the Galician conservative politicians towards the Ukrainian question between 1908 and 1911. The text emphasizes the deepening political differences within the conservative camp; the main reason for that were different perceptions of the Ukrainian question. While governor Bobrzyński and his fellow members of the Cracow party wanted to appease the Polish-Ukrainian relations, the majority of their Eastern Galician compatriots, “Podolacy”, were against any concessions to the Ukrainians. Among moot points were: the question of establishing a Ukrainian university, the attitude of Polish factions to the Western Ukrainian Russophile movement, and the reform of the electoral law to the Sejm. The mutual relations deteriorated also, the author argues, due to the nationalistic feeling running high on both sides and reluctance to making any concessions to the other side.
Prawo
|
2016
|
issue 321
173-186
EN
The beginnings of autonomy were an important period in the development of Galician towns, which coped as best as they could with the consequences of the administrative reform gradually introduced by the Austrian authorities. Akey role in the process was played by mayors heading local communities, because they bore the biggest responsibility for the existence of the “little homelands”. Often, given the universal respect they enjoyed, they remained in office for several terms, wining apermanent place in the history of the town and memory of its residents. However, there were figures, like the first mayor of Tarnów, who remained forgotten for many years, which makes it all the more important to make an effort to rediscover them.
DE
Die Anfänge der Autonomie waren eine besondere Zeit für die Entwicklung der Städte Galiziens, die sich unterschiedlich mit den Auswirkungen der allmählich durch die österreichischen Behörden eingeführten Verwaltungsreform Rat wussten. Die Hauptrolle spielten hier die Bürgermeister, die an der Spitze der lokalen Gemeinschaften standen, da auf ihren Schultern die größte Verantwortung für das Dasein der „kleinen Heimat“ lag. Mehrfach, in Anbetracht des allgemeinen Ansehens, das sie genossen, übten sie ihre Funktionen über mehrere Amtsperioden aus und sind für immer mit der Geschichte der Stadt verbunden und in der Erinnerung ihrer Einwohner geblieben. Es gab aber auch solche Personen, die, wie der erste Bürgermeister von Tarnow, viele Jahre vergessen waren, um so wichtiger scheint daher die Mühe, sie neu zu entdecken.
PL
W artykule dokonano analizy funkcjonowania nowoczesnych samorządów lokalnych w największych miastach Galicji – Lwowie i Krakowie w okresie autonomii galicyjskiej. Zwrócono uwagę na strukturę ich zadań (wydatków) oraz dokonano analizy źródeł kształtujących stronę dochodową budżetu. Wskazane zostały najważniejsze aktywności władz lokalnych mające na celu rozwój infrastruktury miejskiej zgodnie ze standardami nowoczesności przełomu XIX i XX w. Ze względu na szczególne okoliczności dziejowe zwrócono także uwagę na te zadania samorządów miejskich, które związane były z zachowaniem dziedzictwa kulturowego w trudnym dla narodu polskiego okresie rozbiorów. W analizie posłużono się w dużej mierze materiałami źródłowymi i opracowaniami, które powstawały w okresie autonomii galicyjskiej, rozszerzając informacje w nich zawarte o wybrane pozycje współczesnej literatury tematu.
EN
In the paper, the author analyses the functioning of modern municipal government in Lviv and Cracow, Galicia’s largest cities during the Galician autonomy. The paper describes the structure of municipal tasks (expenses) and analyses the sources of the income side of the budget. The author identifies the major steps the local authorities took to develop the urban infrastructure in line with modern standards of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Due to the particular historical circumstances, the author also draws attention to municipality tasks that involved the preservation of cultural heritage in a difficult period for partitioned Poland. The analysis is largely based on materials and publications created during the Galician autonomy, though it is in places supplemented by information from contemporary sources.
EN
The article analyses the educational ideas and social initiatives of the period of autonomy in Galicia, revealing several important elements. Two aspects should be pointed out by taking into account the rationale of the social principles of the Catholic Church, for which the impetus was provided by Leo XIII’s encyclical Rerum novarum, The focus on ‘catholicity’ shaping an identity for a reborn nation does not have a universalist dimension for a pluralistic society. The socio-political situation only partially justifies this approach. The social work undertaken by the clergy and those associated with the Catholic Church has made it possible to rebuild trust in the Church.
PL
Przeprowadzona w artykule analiza idei wychowawczych i inicjatyw społecznych Galicji okresu autonomii ujawnia kilka istotnych elementów. Biorąc pod uwagę podstawy uzasadnienia oparte na zasadach społecznych Kościoła katolickiego, dla których impulsem była między innymi encyklika Leona XIII Rerum novarum, należy wskazać na dwa aspekty. Ukierunkowanie na „katolickość” kształtującą tożsamość dla odradzającego się narodu nie ma wymiaru uniwersalistycznego dla społeczeństwa pluralistycznego. Sytuacja społeczno-polityczna tylko częściowo uzasadnia takie podejście. Podjęta przez duchownych i osoby związane z Kościołem katolickim praca społeczna pozwoliła na odbudowanie zaufania do tegoż Kościoła.
PL
After the Austro-Hungarian compromise in 1867 the Galician parliament and provincial administration gained extensive privileges and prerogatives, especially in education. Galicia was the first crownland that had a school council, which was sanctioned already in 1867. After almost a century the ongoing process of Germanization ended as in the following years the majority of German speaking public officials were replaced by Poles and the Polish language became the main administrativ language and the main language of instruction in school. The article describes changes in the school system and shows the role of the Polish language in primary and secondary education during this so-called epoch of Galician autonomy. A comparison of historical documents and memories from schooldays from former Galician school children allows a realistic insight on the role which the Polish language played in the lives of young Galicians. The analysis shows that the Polonisation of the Galician school system effected the development of Polish national consciousness within young Galicians very slowly and not until the beginning of the 20th century.
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