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EN
Russia’s vast natural gas deposits, widely viewed as a vital strategic asset, make it possible for Russia to exert an influence on the neighbouring countries. One of key elements of Kremlin’s gas strategy in this regard is having direct access to European and Asian markets. In the context of the EU–Russia crisis triggered by the war in Ukraine, Moscow is looking for new market opportunities for its gas. The South Stream plan has been replaced by the Turkish Stream project, and Russia is also developing gas projects with China. The short-term question for the EU should not be how to break energy bonds with Russia, but how to contain the damage caused by the current Russian strategy.
EN
The Russian Invasion of Ukraine (2022) had a catastrophic impact on Lebanon which was already suffering from grave economic problems. Since day one, Lebanon has supported Ukraine and asked for the withdrawal of the Russian forces. The war has left negative impacts on Lebanon, raising particular concerns about famine due to a sharp rise in the food and oil prices. However, this war has also presented Lebanon with a pleasant surprise. For the first time in two decades, Lebanon and Israel have agreed to secure a maritime border deal through US-led mediation, which will allow both countries to extract gas from their marine deposits. The deadlocked negotiations were suddenly resumed because of this war and the acute energy crisis in Europe. Lebanese and Israeli gas is expected to replace Russian gas on the European market. This paper will explain the Lebanese foreign policy and its stance regarding the Russian-Ukrainian war as well as to the political and economic impacts of the war on Lebanon.
EN
A paper entitled Energy resources of post-soviet Central Asia: reserves, production, energy policy covers topics that refer to production and transport of the petrol and natural gas through the so called “Asian five” states. Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan are over-regional leaders in the production of petroleum and natural gas. New natural resources reserves has been also discovered in Tajikistan and Kirgizstan. The post-soviet states of Central Asia are making an effort to raise their shares in the global petrol market however their abilities are limited by the Russian Federation`s position in the global market, corruption and nepotism. Only the overcoming of this negative tendencies might lead to positive change of the perception, as the region countries will be perceived as a key players in the petroleum and natural gas export.
RU
Публикация Энергетическоесырье постсоветской Центральной Азии: ресур- сы, производство, энергетическая политика охватывает своим содержанием проблемы, связанные с производством, транспортировкой нефти и природ- ного газа государствами «азиатской пятерки». Туркменистан, Узбекистан, Казахстан – это надрегиональные лидеры в производстве нефти и природного газа. Новые залежи энергетического сырья открыли также в Киргизии и Таджикистане. Постсоветские страны Средней Азии стараются последо- вательно увеличивать свое участие в глобальном топливном рынке. Их воз- можности однако ограничиваются позицией, которую занимает на мировом рынке топливо Российскую Федерация, низким уровнем безопасности, чрез- мерной коррупцией и непотизмом. Только преодоление этих отрицательных тенденций может привести к позитивным изменениям в восприятии этих государств как ключевых нефтяных экспортеров нефти и природного газа.
EN
A paper entitled Energy resources of post-soviet Central Asia: reserves, production, energy policy covers topics that refer to production and transport of the petrol and natural gas through the so called “Asian five” states. Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan are over-regional leaders in the production of petroleum and natural gas. New natural resources reserves has been also discovered in Tajikistan and Kirgizstan. The post-soviet states of Central Asia are making an effort to raise their shares in the global petrol market however their abilities are limited by the Russian Federation`s position in the global market, corruption and nepotism. Only the overcoming of this negative tendencies might lead to positive change of the perception, as the region countries will be perceived as a key players in the petroleum and natural gas export.
RU
Публикация энергетические Сырье постсоветской Центральной Азии: запа- сы, производство, энергетическая политика охватывает своим содержанием проблемы сродненные с производством, пжесылэм нефти и земляного газа через государства «азиатской пятерки». Туркменистан, Узбекистан, Казах- стан это надрегиональный лидеры в производстве нефти и земляного газа. Новые залежи энергетических сырье открыли также в Киргизии и Таджики- стане. Вас пространство постсоветской Средней Азии стараются последова- тельный увеличивать свое участие в глобальном рынке горючее. Их возмож- ности однако ущемлены позицией занимать на глобальном рынке горючее Российскую Федерацией, низким уровнем безопасности, чрезмерную кор- рупцией и непотизмом. Только преодолеть этих отрицательных тенденций может принести за плечами выгодное изменение во воспринимании этих го- сударств ключевых нефтяных экспортеров и земляного газа.
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