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EN
Generally idea of united Europe has to guarantee peace and stabilization on it territory. At what there is dispute in aspect of stated of this territory. It notices itself, that borders of Europe wasn’t definite; it treats this particularly it concerns eastern border, which was movable. Trying to show borders of Europe usually it calls itself three conceptions. First from cancellation oneself to empire of Charles Great. Ruler that created monarchy in conditions of threat expansion of Arabs. That notion came into being European also, which fighting knights with Arabias invasions on Pyrenean Peninsula were defined. Heirs of Great Charles, Ottons, divided own territory on four large regions: Italy, Germany, Gaul and Sclavinia. Eastern border came to river Elbe: with run of years Otton’s territory included Hungary, Czech Republic, Poland. Second conception was built on so-called eastern schisms from 16th July of 1054 year. Christian world divided (orthodox) and western (roman catholic onto eastern order, called also catholic). Line of division ran resource from Adriatic to Danube, existing in XX century called state Yugoslavia; on Balkans they be shaped then Slavic communities; Serbians as well as Bulgarians tied with Orthodox Church, Slovenians and Croats with Catholicism. Alongside with Christianization civilization border shifted beyond Danube reaching for Arctic borders of continent. In Catholic circle there were Hungarians, western Slavs (Czechs, Slovaks, poles), Balts, Estonians and Finns; meanwhile in circle of order orthodox church found themselves Romanians and eastern Slavs (Ukrainians, Byelorussian).2 Russian diplomatist Wasilij Tatiszew on beginning XVIII age advanced third conception, recognizing mountains and river Ural for eastern border of Europe; he showed, that one should Russia to Europe.
EN
There is no place on the Earth which is not influenced by globalisation processes as for now with differing results and outcomes. It is especially influencing the Middle East and North Africa as they live with own values and those are determined by outside world influences. The paper is to research the interaction between globalisation and asymmetric conflicts that shape world politics economy, culture and security of the modern world. It covers globalistion effects on asymmetrical warfare and the way that globalisationhas greatly increased the ability of terrorists using asymmetric means and violence, in order to achieve a political, religious or ideological goal The paper is structured in three sections. It definesthe concepts of globalisation and asymmetric conflicts presens an interaction between globalisation, cultures and religion and finally describes asymmetric opposition of 'weaker' toward 'strong' in the modern form of 'asymmetric warfare', namely terrorism.
EN
The article discusses the changes that took place in Muslim educational system in Africa, especially in the Sudan in last decades. Beginning with an overview of methods and contents of teaching in traditional Koranic schools, it points out their relationship with a doctrine and practice - syncretic in its form - „black Islam". It discusses the changes in Islamic education, that were brought during colonial epoch. Medreses or ecoles franco-arabes that were established in French Africa tried to combine the tradition and values of Islam with the corriculums and teaching methods brought from the Western model of education. Finally, it points out the meaning of contemporary globalisation, in the process of changes in the Muslim system of education. The appearance of new staff, educated in the Near East, results in the increase of fundamental influences and in the appearance of new type of elites, which scramble for influences and position in the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. New Muslim elites, contribute to social life with new dimensions of competences (e.g. linguistic Arabisation, knowledge of „pure Islam" rules) and new cultural patterns and educational standards. As a result, the rivalry between old and new Islamic elites becomes a cause of tensions and religious and social conflict.
EN
The food crisis is doubtlessly the most dramatic symptom of global economic refraction. It does not rival the quantity of dollars in this field of losses, but the tens of the millions of human menaced existences hunger death and the millions of these, which run before the hunger as an immigrants for a better life to unknown and unfriendly world. The defeat of the hunger still depends on the present level of the production of the food. The problem is especially important for contemporary Africa.
EN
The paper discusses the place of Africa in the context of North-South. It shows new criteria of North-South regionalization (quality of life understood both in socio-economic and political sense) and argues that Mauritius is the only African state belonging to the global North. Nevertheless the paper shows also differences and contrasts in level of economic and socio-economic development in African as part of the global South, arguing that some of them are very visible, even more than Brandt line.
EN
The phenomenon of globalisation brings new possibilities of manifesta- tions of individualization, which is implemented in the transformation of values, beliefs, attitudes, lifestyles and finding a place in society. The article emphasizes the relationship of youth to society, family, consumerism and manifestation of individualization within the frame of globalization. The effects of globalization and the subsequent individualization are character- ized by the positive and negative manifestations (in the creation of youth subcultures and growth of social-pathologies phenomena). Factors such as social services and counseling, family, school, after-school facilities may have its positive impact on creation of a positive value systems and attitudinal orientation of the young generation.
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80%
EN
The phenomenon of globalisation brings new possibilities of manifesta- tions of individualization, which is implemented in the transformation of values, beliefs, attitudes, lifestyles and finding a place in society. The article emphasizes the relationship of youth to society, family, consumerism and manifestation of individualization within the frame of globalization. The effects of globalization and the subsequent individualization are character- ized by the positive and negative manifestations (in the creation of youth subcultures and growth of social-pathologies phenomena). Factors such as social services and counseling, family, school, after-school facilities may have its positive impact on creation of a positive value systems and attitudinal orientation of the young generation.
Human Affairs
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2007
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vol. 17
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issue 1
42-53
EN
The author considers the question of whether or even what normative structure of social order is able to encourage the advancement of the measure of positive liberty in the process of globalization. Related to this is the issue of the insufficiency of guarantees provided by orthodox liberalism for human self-determination. The author considers possible scenarios as to the way in which an elite cosmopolitan minority, profiting from globalization and feeling no responsibility for the majority left to its own fate, would pursue its own interests. The ideas of Ralf Dahrendorf concerning the global rule of law in the name of freedom and the need for international law are referred to. Globalization is occurring just as Marx intuitively predicted: capitalism becomes the bearer of hidden immanent self-destructive mechanisms. In conclusion, the author's hypothesis is that the new era of law in the 21st century will ensure that certain civilization legal norms become natural or customary.
Human Affairs
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2010
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vol. 20
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issue 2
124-134
EN
This paper deals with the need to change the way in which we consider justice in connection with globalisation. It analyses injustice in countries with developed capitalism, employing the work of Axel Honneth and Nancy Fraser. The paper highlights the importance of using "critical theory" in relation to developing an acceptable understanding of the term justice, and using "critical theory" in conjunction with Hans Herbert Kögler's "philosophical hermeneutics". In order to adequately investigate contemporary human civilization it is necessary to enrich our knowledge by investigating "civilisational analysis" (Johann P. Arnason).
EN
The problem of politics is that nobody controls it anymore, because the social formula of its acceptance is expiring, or has already expired. There is anarchy. There exist monopolies of international corporations, which try to govern globally but do not have sufficient social legitimation to do it. The notion of economic globalisation that refers to this has been developed, but in reality there is a vacuum of global management and participation (the growth of emotions over reasons, a tribal approach, and territorialism) in the prospect of growing threats (e.g. climate change, terrorism, migrations, pandemics). An average human, full of natural envy, desires that everybody can fulfil themselves in the material world the same as them, and such equality would be satisfying for them as we know that the argument about similar stomachs is universal. He or she does not want equality in spiritual realisation; here, with ease, he or she accepts that there are smarter and more talented people than them, but they will defend fiercely their equality, treating their right to it extremely seriously. Equality is a part of human faith, and practice confirms the suggestions that traditional mythical patterns cannot be eliminated without toil. Certainly, there is no threat of the end of politics. So far, all living organisms of the human kind organise themselves. The specifics of this self-organisation depend on self-determination. People will have an interest in politics as long as politics determines their security. Nowadays, we are again witnesses to disorder, revolution, desperation, and terror, so the factors that cause fear start to dominate in the moral narrative. Finally, security and directing improvement of life chances are tasks of politics and the political character. It would be a catastrophe if a problem of security returned to its pre-political state. The basic aspect of human self-determination is the organisation of every personal life according to the norms and activities allowed by the group. Theories referring to the crisis of democracy (through e.g. the dictates of fear of nuclear war, terrorism, ecologic catastrophe, a technocratic state with an expert-driven system, entertainment justified by economic-political interest groups, and losing sovereignty through complicated institutions, external networks, and sub-political social subgroups) could become true, or have already become true. The loss of reputation, credibility, and attractiveness can happen at the same time as the decline of the meaning of internalisation in social communication, which appears in the growing discouragement towards politics and the creation of subsystems that are not predictable and steerable in a democratic way because of their complexity.
EN
The main argument of this paper emerges from the submission that the advent of globalization resulted in the dynamics that influenced the Nigerian dress culture, particularly among Lagos residents. While insisting that with the aid of globalization through mass media, internet and education, the western dress culture (and civilization) has precariously affected and impacted the traditional dress culture of Nigerians, the paper also points to the fact that the people of Lagos had established, well before the advent of colonial rule, a clothing pattern which included clothing materials and designs (weaving and tie and dye), and clothing styles which was generally accepted and does not go against the Yoruba taboos. The paper further submits that while changes have occurred, the dress culture of the Yoruba people have, through the process of globalization, found its way to other parts of the world, although not at the same pace with the western dress. The paper adopts historical narrative and descriptive analysis to drive home its points. It relies also on primary and secondary data to prove the effects of globalization on the dress culture of the people. It concludes by critically analysing and stating the contributory effect such complex and multifaceted phenomenon have had on Nigerian peoples and their culture.
EN
The present paper views globalisation and women’s work and exploitation in a micro enterprise in India, the beedi (indigenous cigarette) industry with a case study from one of the states in India. Rural occupational structures and employment patterns in India have undergone a transition in the last few decades due to globalisation. Newer forms of employment like construction work, domestic services and beedi making have become alternatives to agricultural labour for women. Beedi is an indigenous cigarette, in which tobacco is rolled in a tendu leaf and tied with a cotton thread. This is smaller and less expensive than a cigarette and in the popular imagination it stands for the working class. This work is done sitting at home and mostly women and girls do it. This is a very gendered industry, for only women and girls that too from low-income groups make beedis. There is a lot of exploitation in this industry and this has only increased with the advent of globalisation but this is generally ignored by data gathering systems, policy makers and administrators. There is an occupational health hazard too for many of these workers suffer from various health hazards not because they are smoking these beedis but because they are making them.
PL
Proces globalizacji, którego konsekwencją są rozszerzające się zmiany o charakterze gospodarczym, społecznym i politycznym, wpłynął również na zachowania konsumenckie i postawę konsumentów w odniesieniu do rynku pracy. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie, czy procesy globalizacyjne mogą wpływać na występowanie nowych trendów w konsumpcji na polskim rynku, a ponadto istotne będzie podjęcie próby oceny siły tego wpływu. Analizy szczegółowe opierają się na danych zgromadzoneych w bazach GUS i Eurostat, a wykorzystane metody badawcze to metody statystyczne i ekonometryczne pozwalające na syntetyczny opis badanych zjawisk. W podsumowaniu zwrócono uwagę na nowe trendy widoczne w zachowaniach konsumenckich, mianowicie na hedonizm konsumpcyjny, ekologizację konsumpcji i dekonsumpcję.
EN
The consequences of the broadening globalisation process taking place in the last decade are changes in economic, social and political structure. The main aim of this article is to indicate how globalisation processes may influence the appearance of new consumption trends on the Polish market. The article is dedicated to the analysis of dynamics of changes in employment structure in the basic sectors of economy connected with changes of the model of consumption, treated as an echo of globalisation processes. Additionally, the received and distributed income of the society will be analysed in the general context. Analyses are based on data gathered from the CSO and Eurostat, while statistical and econometric research methods are allowing for synthetic description of researched phenomena.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie obecnego stanu imigracji wewnętrznej i międzynarodowej do Wrocławia, jak również znaczenie tej imigracji dla globalności miasta. Globalność jest rozumiana jako możliwość operowania miasta na globalnym rynku i czerpania korzyści z dostępu do światowego przekroju firm, klientów i pracowników. Jest ona warunkowana przez wiele czynników. Migracje są traktowane jako rezultat globalności, ale również czynnik korzystnie wpływający na globalność. Artykuł prezentuje część danych uzyskanych w ramach realizacji projektu badawczego dotyczącego wrocławskich imigrantów. Wrocław jest czwartym co do wielkości miastem w Polsce i jednym z miast powołanej do życia na mocy rozporządzenia Rady Ministrów z 15 kwietnia 1997 r. Wałbrzyskiej Specjalnej Strefy Ekonomicznej „Invest –Park” (WSSE). Stworzenie Strefy miało przyciągnąć na Dolny Śląsk – region upośledzony i obarczony dużym bezrobociem – przedsiębiorców, którzy stworzą okolicznym mieszkańcom miejsca pracy. WSSE oraz dynamiczne zarządzanie Wrocławiem sprawiły, że miasto stało się magnesem przyciągającym imigrantów. Zezwolenia na działalność w WSSE otrzymało już ponad 170 przedsiębiorstw z ponad dwudziestu państw, m.in. USA, Japonii, Niemiec, Szwecji, Francji, Hiszpanii, Szwajcarii, Korei Południowej, które stanowią jedno z głównych miejsc zatrudnienia obcokrajowców w województwie dolnośląskim. Ich kadra zarządzająca przeważnie wybiera jako miejsce zamieszkania Wrocław. Wrocławskie koncerny przyciągają również rodzimych migrantów. W ramach referatu zostaną zaprezentowane dane GUS na temat migracji wewnętrznych oraz dane Urzędu do Spraw Cudzoziemców na temat migrantów zagranicznych. Dane zostaną omówione w kontekście wpływu imigracji na pozycję miasta w globalnych sieciach przepływów.
EN
The purpose of this paper is to present internal and international migration to Wrocław and the meaning of this migration for the globality of the city. The globality is understood as ability of the city to operate on the global market and to benefit from the access to global range of companies, customers and workers. Globality of the city is facilitated by the wide selection of factors. Migration is treated from one side as a result of globality but from the other as helping to increase globality. This text presents the part of the data collected during the research on Wrocław immigrants. Wrocław is 4th biggest city in Poland and one of the cities of Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone „Invest – Park” (WSSE) established by Rada Ministrów on 15th April 1997. Zone was supposed to bring to Lower Silesia – region with high unemployment − companies who will form work places for local population. WSSE and dynamic management of the authorities made Wrocław the magnet for immigrants. Currently over 170 companies from over 20 countries (among them USA, Japan, Germany, Sweden, France, Spain, Switzerland, South Korea) are located in Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone. Their management usually choose Wrocław as a place of life. The companies located in Wrocław attract also the internal immigrants. This paper presents the GUS data about internal migration and the Foreign Office data on international migration in order to discuss the impact of immigration on increasing the global links of the city and its position in global networks of power
EN
The paper deals with the globalisation and internationalisation effect on international standardisation. The findings based on an analysis of academic literature and available government and standard-setters’ documents prove firstly the growing importance of standardisation for international stability, and secondly the growing international standard-setters’ co-operation on the field of standardisation. Due to their mutual trust, the standards’ quality has been significantly upgraded. As a result of research, a preliminary long-term outlook of standardisation was elaborated.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy wpływu globalizacji i internacjonalizacji na międzynarodową normalizację. Ustalenia oparte na analizie literatury naukowej oraz dostępnych dokumentach rządowych i ustanawiających standardy dowodzą, po pierwsze, rosnącego znaczenia standaryzacji dla stabilności międzynarodowej, a po drugie, coraz większej współpracy międzynarodowych organizacji standaryzacyjnych w zakresie standaryzacji. Dzięki wzajemnemu zaufaniu jakość standardów została znacznie ulepszona. W wyniku badań opracowano wstępne długoterminowe perspektywy standaryzacji.
PL
Jednym z efektów rozszerzającego się w ostatnich dziesięcioleciach procesu globalizacji są zmiany o charakterze gospodarczym, społecznym, a nawet politycznym, widoczne również na rynku pracy w postaci zmiany struktury zatrudnienia i tym samym zmiany jego obrazu. Mają one swe źródło w nowoczesnych technologiach, przekształcając cywilizację industrialną w cywilizację usługową. Skala tych zmian zależna jest pośrednio od potencjału zasobów pracy występujących na lokalnych (w sensie całych państw) rynkach pracy. Artykuł poświęcony jest analizom dynamiki zmian struktury zatrudnienia w podstawowych działach gospodarki wybranych państw Unii Europejskiej z wyraźnym wyróżnieniem Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w powiązaniu ze zmianami modelu konsumpcji, traktowanymi jako echo procesów globalizacyjnych.
EN
One of the effects of fast developing globalization process are economic, social and political changes, that are visible on the labour market in terms of change of employment structure. Source of these changes are modern technologies, which change industrial society into services society. Scale of these changes indirectly bases on the potential of labour resources in domestic markets. Paper aim is to analyse the dynamics of changes of employment structure in basic economy fields in Central-Eastern Europe countries.
EN
Mikhail EpsteinEmory University, USA/Durham University, UK. "The Century’s Zero Cycle. The Explosive Style of the 2000s" Ogłaszając koniec tradycyjnie rozumianego post-modernizmu, rozumianego jako pozornie wyzbyta znaczenia gra znaków oraz nieskończone przemieszczenia intertekstualne, artykuł ten jest próbą krytycznego przejęcia kultury po World Trade Center za pomocą metaforycznych eksplozji kulturowych, opisujących koniec kondycji ponowoczesnej. Poddane w wątpliwość ekslopzje są związane zarówno z rzeczywistymi zagrożeniami terroryzmem oraz "wybuchowym" wzrostem właściwym dla rozwoju technologii i nauki, które - w dalszej perspektywie - mogą doprowadzić do redefinicji podstawowych kategorii społecznych pod wpływem transkulturalizmu.
PL
Mikhail EpsteinEmory University, USA/Durham University, UK. "The Century’s Zero Cycle. The Explosive Style of the 2000s"Announcing the end of traditional post-modernism, characterised by supposedly meaningless plays on signs and infinite intertextual exchanges, the article offers an attempt to critically appropriate the post-WTC cultural condition by referring to a number of metaphorical cultural explosions which narrate the end of the post-modern era. The explosions in question are related to both real-life terrorist threats as well to the explosive growth of science and technology, which, in the long run, are likely to redefine fundamental social premises along the lines of trans-culturalism.
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Summaries in English

51%
EN
English summaries of research articles included in the present issue.
PL
Streszczenia w języku angielskim artykułów składających się na niniejszy numer.
EN
The article contemplates social and cultural consequences of the fall of communism as the dominating socio-political ideology and some attempts to fill up the ideological void left by the withering dogmas of the previous regime. One of the discourses, whose premises seem applicable to the post-soviet reality, is post-colonial theory. However, its immediate application does not seem possible for the variety of geo-political reasons which result in a sense of ideological disappointment turning Russians into new subalterns, devoid of their former imperialist pride and uncertain of their status in the globalized and still globalizing world.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł podejmuje się namysłu nad społecznymi i kulturowymi skutkami upadku komunizmu, bedącego dominującą ideologią społeczno-polityczną, a także nad próbami wypełnienia ideologiczej pustki wywołanej przemijającymi dogmatami upadłego ustroju i porządku. Postkolonializm jest jednym ze współczesnych dyskursów, który zdaje się obiecująco korespondować z post-sowiecką rzeczywistością. Należy jednak pamiętać, iż jego bezpośrednie zastosowanie zdają się uniemożliwiać różnorodne czynniki geopolityczne. Te doprowadzają do poczucia ideologicznego rozczarowania zamieniając Rosjan w nowych podporządkowanych, pozbawionych imperialistycznej dumy i niepewnych własnego statusu w świecie dynamicznie rozwijajacej się globalizacji.
PL
This article deals with the legal liability of collective person in the age of globalization. It touches the problem of the “person” in such fields as law, philosophy and sociology.The article presents the influence of globalisation on identity and the question of individualisation. Identity is defined as a process of internal and external adjustment. The processes of globalisation may contribute to the loss of cultural identity. The diverse nature of globalisation has given rise to new identities. Concurrently, the article also presents the challenges posed by globalisation, for instance: identity and freedom of individualisation versus community and belonging.The author aims to make a short analysis according to the liability of collective persons throughout the history of civil and criminal law.
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