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O jednostce i historii – Gorbaczow i koniec imperium. Recenzja książki: Alicja Stępień-Kuczyńska Gorbaczow. Pieriestrojka i rozpad imperium Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Łódź 2020

100%
Olchowski J.
Władza sądzenia
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2021
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issue 20
167-170
2
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Konflikt między Gorbaczowem a Jelcynem 1987-1991

75%
Bartnicki A.
Polityka i Społeczeństwo
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2021
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vol. 19
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issue 4
5-17
PL
Historia relacji Gorbaczow-Jelcyn to historia upadku państwa sowieckiego. Być może żadne inne wydarzenie o porównywalnej skali nie zostało spowodowane osobistymi interakcjami dwóch polityków. Gorbaczow – początkowo mentor Jelcyna – upokorzył go. Jelcyn następnie wykorzystał reformy Gorbaczowa, aby w 1989 r. wrócić do polityki. Namiętna niechęć i wrogość, które rozwinęły się między politykami, utrudniały kompromis. W czerwcu 1991 roku Jelcyn został prezydentem Rosji. Sześć miesięcy później ZSRR przestał istnieć. 
3
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Misja na wschodzie. Wizyty kard. Józefa Glempa w ZSRS w 1988 roku oraz ich polityczno-międzynarodowy kontekst

63%
Kowal P.
Dzieje Najnowsze
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2016
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vol. 48
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issue 1
PL
Mission in the East. Visits to the Soviet Union Paid by Cardinal Józef Glemp in 1988 and Their Political–international ContextTwo visits paid to the Soviet Union by the Primate of Poland, Cardinal Józef Glemp, in 1988 were an unprecedented event within the context of the state–Church relations prevalent in the USSR. This article not only deals with their details but also shows them within a wide context of the political objectives of the Apostolic See steered by John Paul II, the policies of the General Wojciech Jaruzelski team in Poland, and the political plans of Mikhail Gorbachev within his perestroika programme, thus enhancing the diplomatic–pastoral significance of both journeys made by the Primate of Poland. The author proposed hypotheses explaining the reason why the significance of the visits paid by Cardinal Glemp, the first as part of an official delegation of the Apostolic See attending celebrations of the Millennium of the Christianization of Russia, was limited. At the same time, the article demonstrates the great rank of the Cardinal’s activity from the viewpoint of a revitalisation of Church administration in the member–countries of the former USSR and a revival of the socio–cultural life of Poles living in the East.
4
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Pierestrojka i tragiczne wydarzenia w Sumgaicie

51%
Szmurło Z. T.
Studia Gdańskie. Wizje i rzeczywistość
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2013
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vol. 10
267-284
EN
When Mikhail Gorbachev became general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in March 1985, started a new course of social and political transformations. His double the „perestroika” („reconstruction”) and „glasnost” („openness”) introduced profound changes in the economy, domestic politics and international relations. Perestroika has led the growth of social activity criticism of the Communist Party. She awoke the national consciousness of the enslaved peoples of the Soviet Union, who wanted to stand out for independence. It also woke feuds between Armenians and Azerbaijanis, and led to the bloody massacres of Armenians living in Azerbaijan. This article has been shown elements of transformation as a result, wake historical memory and national identity of Armenians, who can not be reconciled with the inability to recover the lands in Nagorno-Karabakh, that the decision of Stalin were transferred to Azerbaijan. On the wave of nationalist movements caused by perestroika, there were pogroms in Sumgait Armenian population (February 1988), which largely led to the Armenian-Azerbaijani armed conflict in 1988–1994 in Nagorno-Karabakh. To this day, the question of the nationality of the Nagorno-Karabakh is a matter of dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan, has become frozen and dangerous conflict in the post-Soviet space.
5
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Economics and Politics of the Great Change: Mikhail Gorbachev versus Deng Xiaoping

38%
Kołodko G. W.
Kwartalnik Nauk o Przedsiębiorstwie
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2021
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vol. 58
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issue 1
5-15
PL
W historii ludzkości nie było takiego przypadku, by podczas krótkiego epizodu, jakim jest życie jednego pokolenia, wzajemne stosunki gospodarcze zmieniły się na tak dużą skalę dla tak wielu ludzi, jak to miało miejsce w Chinach i Rosji w latach 1989-2020. Oba kraje przechodzą głębokie zmiany strukturalne i instytucjonalne, tyle że o ile w pierwszym z nich w zakresie rozwoju i zmniejszania dystansu wobec krajów bogatych osiągnięto imponujące wyniki, to w drugim rezultaty są bardzo skąpe. Chociaż wynika to ze splotu różnych okoliczności – od dziedzictwa kulturowego po warunki geopolityczne, od spuścizny z okresu socjalizmu państwowego po zróżnicowanie w sferze posiadanych zasobów naturalnych – to charakter i długotrwałość politycznego przywództwa Deng Xiaopinga w Chinach i Michaiła Gorbaczowa w Rosji miały fundamentalne znaczenie. Bez uwzględnienia wpływu myśli i czynów tych dwóch mężów stanu nie sposób zrozumieć istoty tektonicznych przesunięć, jakie podczas ostatnich dekad zaistniały w światowej gospodarce.
EN
In the history of mankind, there has never been a case where, in a brief episode of the life of one generation, mutual economic relations have changed on such a large scale for so many people as they did in China and Russia in 1989-2020. Both countries are undergoing profound structural and institutional changes, but while the former recorded impressive results in terms of developing and catching up with advanced economies, the latter’s achievements have been very modest. This happened due to many factors – from the traditional cultural heritage to geopolitical conditions, from the legacy from the previous state socialism to different natural resources bases – however, the nature and duration of the political leadership of Deng Xiaoping in China and Mikhail Gorbachev in Russia were of fundamental importance. Without taking into account the influence of the thoughts and actions of these two statesmen, it is impossible to understand the essence of tectonic changes that have occurred in the world economy recently.
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