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EN
The main aim of this paper is proposition of multifactor measure of economic condition (MEC) and its estimation for selected economies. Article consists of two fundamental parts. In the first methodology of measure is presented. It includes mainly points 1 and 2 and constitutes basis for empirical researches in point 3. This point constitutes second fundamental part of this paper, in which MEC estimation for selected economies for the period 2000-2011 are made.
PL
Domena Wolin należała do grupy najstarszych posiadłości książęcych na Pomorzu Zachodnim. W XVI stuleciu została nie tylko znacznie powiększona o dobra sekularyzowanego klasztoru cysterek wolińskich, ale także zreorganizowana jako jednostka zarządu terytorialnego (Amt) oraz w zakresie ekonomicznym. Głównym środkiem mającym zwiększyć dochodowość domeny, oprócz usprawnienia administracji, była rozbudowa gospodarki własnej opartej na bezpłatnych robociznach chłopskich, czyli pańszczyźnie. Liczba folwarków w domenie wzrosła z dwóch do siedmiu w początku XVII wieku. Rekonstruując stan posiadania domeny wolińskiej i kreśląc zachodzące na jej obszarze gospodarczo-społeczne przeobrażenia, poza literaturą przedmiotu autor wykorzystał rejestr domeny wolińskiej z 1560/61 roku, księgę domeny (Amtsbuch) z 1594 roku oraz rejestr włók podatkowych Księstwa Pomorskiego z 1628 roku.
EN
Attempts to reform the Polish economy made in the 80's of the twentieth century have failed. More and more economists and politicians were aware of the need to change the economic system. In early 1990 began to implement Balcerowicz plan, which aimed to transform the economy from a centrally managed to market economy. Realities of economic life corrected optimistic assumptions of the plan. Assessment of the effects of transformation till today divide economists and polish society. In recent years growing number of studies describing course and effects of economic transformation. In 2011 published two important books: M.G. Woźniak monograph and collective work edited by W. Jarmołowicz and K. Szarzec. Both books introduce systemic transformation process from a different perspective, both slightly different estimates the effects. Critical assessment has been made in Woźniak book, more positive evaluation gave the Poznań team of economists led by W. Jarmołowicz. Article draws attention to the diversity of economists positions in the native environment.
PL
Badanie w ramach projektu dotyczącego transgranicznych działań gospodarczych trzech klasztorów cysterskich: w Løgum, Doberan i Pelplinie obejmuje różne czynniki mające wpływ na działalność gospodarczą poszczególnych opactw. Charakteryzował je pewien typowy dla całego zakonu ideał gospodarki, który jednak uległ modyfikacjom spowodowanym przez indywidualne warunki. I tak, centralne znaczenie miał stosunek do każdorazowego władcy i wynikające stąd darowizny i nadania przywilejów. Również uwieńczone sukcesem założenie jednego lub większej liczby dworów miejskich lub grangii odciskało swoje piętno na gospodarce poszczególnych opactw. W związku z tym główne pytanie brzmi, w jakim stopniu i w jakim zakresie klasztory istniejące w południowej części basenu Morza Bałtyckiego odstawały w swoich działaniach gospodarczych od ideału z Cîteaux. Trzy wyżej wymienione klasztory cystersów wyznaczają obszar, który ma być zbadany, i mogą być uznane za charakterystyczne dla omawianego regionu.
EN
Nomy in the context of the ongoing transition and tries to assess the reasons for its failure. It deals with the concept of transformation, as well as inherited from the socialist system structural distortion that determine its course. It also describes restructuring process in the context of economic transition. The author analyzes the main stages of economic transition and restructuring process in Ukraine and comes to the conclusion that the main cause of lack of its success was inefficient economic strategy, allowing for consolidation of the inefficient economic structures.
EN
The economic transition in Poland is an issue widely discussed by scientists, and therefore its effects have been evaluated in many publications. The analysis of the literature allows to distinguish authors of those texts as followers and opponents of Balcerowicz Plan. This article presents the opinions of two strong critics of the transformation process - Grzegorz Kołodko and Tadeusz Kowalik. G. Kołodko focuses on the assumptions and mechanisms of the stabilization plan. T. Kowalik tries to recognize the problem holistically. He pays attention to the complete reversal of the government of the Round Table Agreements and direct it toward the Washington Consensus.
EN
The article presents characteristics of the position the Asian Giants occupy on the international stage. India and China by partnership and rivalry take advantage of the contemporary economic situation in order to strengthen their role of global leaders. Thanks to the natural resources, demographical potential and complementarity, the economies of the South try to overcome the stagnation and recession period, simultaneously trying to improve the relations with South America. By means of this, they try to move the centre of world economy on the southern part. Moreover, the rivalry between the biggest Asian countries will be mentioned, as well as the structure of trade exchange and political relations between them.
EN
The aim of the article is to provide a reflection on the role of industrial policy in st-imulating the processes of development and economic convergence. In the first place, there are presented the most important features of vision of economic development and convergence in terms of the two schools of economics: the mainstream and the evolutio-nary one. Then, it is demonstrated how specific ontological assumptions about the nature of economic processes lead to different views on the desired shape of industrial policy. While neoclassical economics focuses on preventing market failures, evolutionary eco¬nomics provides a realistic vision of development and a broader justification for the con¬duct of industrial policy.
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EN
In the contemporary world the economic activity often diverges from the principles of ethics. Being honest in this area is still only associated with compliance with legal rules. To act ethically, the enterprise wants to see the measurable financial profit in it. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the role of ethics in business relationships and identify consequences of its absence on the examples of pathological behavior in the economic sphere. The essential issue stressed by the Author is to show factors enhancing the occurrence of these behaviors. This will allow to express propositions for appropriate action to reduce economic pathology.(
XX
Głównym celem badania było określenie zmian strukturalnych, obecnych zarówno na rynkach finansowych, jak i w sferze realnej gospodarki, a także ocena współzależności między nimi.
EN
Variables and economic relations behave differently depending on the state of the economy. In the case of parameter instability, their variability should be taken into account in the theoretical models. The observed two-way relation-ships between the variables of the financial market and the real economy are not fixed. Especially during economic crisis reflected fluctuations in the financial market can strongly destabilize the real economy. The main objective of the study was to identify structural changes, both visible on the financial markets and in the real economy and in the relations between them. The conclusions of the estimated MS-VAR model confirm that in the period 1995-2012 in the Polish banking sector experienced structural changes which had an impact on changes in the real economy of Poland. (original abstract)
EN
In the labour market theory, the natural rate of unemployment is associated with the unemployment level, for which the market for purchasing power maintains a state of equilibrium. Full employment has become a crucial issue in contemporary debate, whilst the unemployment is considered a social problem. The following article will introduce a model for calculating the natural rate of unemployment in Poland, as well as its comparison with the real observed rate of unemployment, or the unemployment computed according to the BAEL method in context of the NAIRU theory (Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment). The article presents the results of an unemployment estimation based upon the main macroeconomic indicators for the Polish economy.
EN
The purpose of this article is to outline the concept of an economic agent as proposed by the German Historical School, its implications for economic policy and their implementation in the South Korean economic miracle, the most sustained example of strong economic growth in the 20th century. The author focuses on two key aspects of these issues in the context of rationality - the decision-making processes of a single economic agent and the divergences between the benefit to an individual and the whole economy. According to the German Historical School, the actions of an economic agent are shaped by the social environment and moreover the pursuit of wealth by individual members of society doesn't naturally harmonize with benefit to the whole economy. Therefore the government is required to take an active role in guiding the market. A careful study of the dictator Park Chung Hee's economic policy shows that it was in line with the concept of the human being characteristic of the German Historical School.
EN
Procedures and cause descriptive model, dynamic consistent model and vector autoregression model were used for modeling of selected variables characterizing the economy of the Upper Silesia. To assess the conformity of these three types of models the AIC, BIC, coefficient of determination and corrected coefficient of determination were used. Despite the use of different procedures, final results show similar quality of models.
PL
Według najnowszych wyliczeń Międzynarodowego Funduszu Walutowego w 2014 roku USA pod względem PKB umocniły swą dominację na rynku globalnym, osiągając kwotę 17,4 bln USD, a Chiny od 2008 roku wysunęły się na drugie miejsce przekraczając 9,7 bln USD, wyprzedzając Japonię z kwotą 5,2 bln USD oraz Niemcy 3,7 bln USD. W opracowaniu przedstawiono wielkość i dynamikę obrotów handlowych Niemiec w latach 2000-2011. Po stronie eksportu, z wyjątkiem spadku w roku 2009, można wyróżnić ogólną tendencję wzrostową w badanym okresie. Podobną tendencję obserwowano w odniesieniu do importu z dodatkowym spadkiem badanej wartości w roku 2002. Wartość eksportu Niemiec w ciągu badanego okresu zwiększyła się 1,8-krotnie z sumy 597 455 mln EUR w roku 2000 do 1 058 581 mln EUR w roku 2011. Znaczący wzrost wartości eksportu miał miejsce w 2004 roku, odnotowano wówczas przyrost badanej wielkości o 10,1% do sumy 731 479 mln EUR w stosunku do roku poprzedniego. Kolejne istotne zwiększenie wartości eksportu odnotowano w roku 2006. Gospodarka niemiecka jest podawana za jeden z przykładów wzorowego wprowadzania wspólnej waluty euro jako czynnika wpływającego stymulująco na wzrost gospodarczy, który może oddziaływać z różną siła na całą gospodarkę. Konsekwencje przyjęcia euro dla niemieckiej gospodarki można podzielić na pozytywne i negatywne. Należy podkreślić, iż Niemcy są największą i najsilniejszą gospodarką Unii Gospodarczo-Walutowej
EN
According to the latest estimates made by the International Monetary Fund in 2014 the USA strengthened its position in terms of GDP on the global market reaching the value of USD 17.4 bn, and from 2008 China took the second place with GDP over USD 9.7 bn exceeding Japan with the GDP of USD 5.2 bn and Germany with USD 3.7 bn. The paper presents the value and dynamics of trade turnover of Germany in the years 2000-2011. The general upward trend in export can be noticed with the decline recorded only in 2009. The similar tendency in imports can be observed with the additional decrease in 2002. During the analyzed period of time the value of exports of Germany increased 1,8 fold from EUR 597 455 mln in 2000 to EUR 1 058 581 mln in 2011. The significant increase of exports value was recorded in 2004 when the exports increase by 10.1% to EUR 731 479 mln can be observed as compared to the previous year. The subsequent significant increase in exports value was recorded in 2006. The German economy is regarded to be one of the examples of the introduction of the common currency which could be the factor stimulating the economic growth in various degree: stronger or weaker. The consequences of the euro adoption for the German economy could be positive and negative. It could be stressed that Germany is the biggest and the strongest economy of the Economic and Monetary Union.
EN
The article addresses the most important (according to the author) factors in the Polish economy, which make ethical and moral attitudes of participants of economic life become secondary. High (and still rising) unemployment, huge differences in wages and income of the individual groups, and unfair tax system are pathological features of modern Polish economy. The consequence of these phenomena is alienation of a large group of people (poor and excluded) from society. The market and its ruthless tools (money and profit) in the hands of corporations and greedy individuals (rather than demand, supply and price they create) have become the new faith (in the absence of proper government activities) that leads to denial and moral decay of moral rules and unprecedented exploitation in the new system.
EN
The hypothesis of this paper is that there is a link between the degree of income inequality and the competitiveness of the economy. Results highlight that various causal mechanisms may operate in both directions. It means that sometimes equality is positively correlated with the competitiveness (i.e. with trust and development of with social capital) and in some cases inequality may be positively correlated with productivity or innovativeness. It depends (among many things) on the scale of inequality and the mentality of the given society.
PL
Omówiono modele gospodarki rynkowej: model regulowanej gospodarki rynkowej (mechanizm rynkowy i wolna konkurencja zawodzą w niektórych dziedzinach życia społecznego) oraz model samoregulujący (rynek i jego mechanizmy sam rozwiązuje wszystkie problemy rozwojowe). Scharakteryzowano rolę państwa na tle współczesnej ekonomii oraz w procesie transformacji systemowej.
EN
The state is a fundamental entity in economic policy. Its economic role has long been subject of many disputes. So far these disputes have focused on the question of how much government's presence in the economy there should be. These disputes have not reached an agreement, although the belief has developed, that the role of the state should be much greater than assumed by the traditional theory. Since the previous debates haven't produced a solution, some economists demand that the debate should advance from the question "how much state" to the question "what the role of the state should be, what purposes it should follow and what means it should use ". (original abstract)
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