Artykuł porusza problematykę związaną z dziejami turystyki w Polsce; przede wszystkim w XVII wieku. Przedstawia najistotniejsze aspekty, które są charakterystyczne dla tej tematyki oraz zarys dziejów podróżnictwa polskiego w owym czasie. Główną osią konstrukcyjną artykułu są natomiast relacje polskich diarystów, którzy odwiedzili Pragę w XVII wieku i pozostawili po sobie pisemne relacje ze swojego pobytu w tym mieście. Za podstawę posłużyły relacje oraz praskie wizyty Jana Sobieskiego, Tomasza Zamoyskiego, Jerzego Ossolińskiego, Jana Tuczyńskiego, Teodora Billewicza oraz Karola Stanisława Radziwiłła, które zostały dodatkowo złączone z tematem studiów zagranicznych polskiej młodzieży na Uniwersytecie w Pradze. Dzięki przytoczeniu oraz analizie ich opisów Pragi, możliwe było odtworzenie zasadniczych elementów poznawczych i określonych składników wojaży, które były charakterystyczne dla podróży tego typu w stolicy królestwa czeskiego oraz odpowiedź na pytanie na ile ich obecność w Pradze odpowiadała klasycznym regułom peregrynacji europejskich Polaków w XVII wieku.
The purpose of the article is to compare motivations of travellers visiting Italy in the past, especially in the Grand Tour period, with those of modern tourists. A literature review has revealed that during the Renaissance in the Enlightenment and in the period of the Grand Tour, travel was an opportunity to acquire knowledge, to pursue science and self-development. The empirical part of the article describes results of a study (involving focus group interviews) which indicate that modern tourists also travel to Italy for educational purposes to visit sights that are famous for their historical and artistic qualities. However, for modern tourists such trips are, to a greater extent, opportunities for “an escape from daily life” as well as a chance to get to know the culture, including the local cuisine, new people and a form of rest and recreation. Another important factor, which also played a role in the romantic period, is the desire to boast of the trip on social media.
The Grand Tour played an important role in the education of the aristocratic British youth. Several requirements served for its classical qualification. The Tour lasted from some months to some years. Travelers' individual choices, spread of diseases, priority to special places, as well as historical events shaped the travel plan. The Tour changed its classical denotation in the 19th century, reflecting a radical social transformation in the British society. The middle class would be engaged in travelling beyond the borders of the British territory. The Romantic traveler of the 19th century diefrers from the classic traveler of the Grand Tour, stressing heroism and bravery, avoiding scenic descriptions. These travelers resembled the explorer. A term introduced by the Romantics. The dense narrative produced in this period would permit the British public to become familiar with unalike people, experiences, and lands. There are five travellers that visited the Albanian land in the first half of 19th century, during British Romanticims. Dodwell, Hughes, Martin Leake, Urquhart and Best published works mentioning the Albania theme, people, culture, nature, geography. Dodwell's work is significant because of classical archeology. T.S. Hughes gives information about Ali Pasha and his mystical figure. Topographical data on the Albanian population, customs, and traditions are introduced in Leake's book. Urquhart looks at the Orient from a philosophical viewpoint. A work about hunting, natural beauty, customs, traditions is wrietn by Best. Therefore, their books give essential information about the country in the first half of this century. Richard Lassels in the book Travels in Italy first mentions the term Grand Tour in 1670 (p.6). A century later, Paul Kirby (1952) informs the audience that the Grand Tour has become part of the young Europeans' education, any member coming from the nobility of the time (p. 2). The journey could last from several months to several years in a row. There were a number of prerequisites for it, while Italy was considered
The study presents the first analysis of the descriptions of Verona and the works of art collected in the city in the accounts of Polish travellers from the 17 th to 19 th centuries. As the researched source material shows, initially Poles visited the city only while passing through, on their way to Venice, stopping for a moment to see the only object “worth seeing”: the 1 st -century Roman amphitheatre located in the city centre. At that time, the descriptions of the city are laconic, as Verona was considered “secondary” in Italy. Only in the era of the "Grand Tour", and especially in the second half of the 18 th century, did Polish travellers intentionally visit Verona. They employed an experienced tour guide from the Bevilacqua family (recommended to their countrymen by Ignacy Potocki). They used specialised literature (Torello Saraina’s "Dell’origine et ampiezza della città di Verona", Verona 1586; Scipione Maffei’s "Verona illustrata e Museum veronense hoc est antiquarum inscriptionum atque anaglyphorum collectio", Verona 1749; and Giovanni Battista Da Persico’s "Descrizione di Verona e della sua provincia", Verona 1820), the purchase of which became one of the goals of a visit to Verona. In the 18 th century, the sightseeing route (reconstructed based on the accounts of Katarzyna Plater) included ancient architecture (Roman amphitheatre; Borsari Gate; Vitruvius Arch; Gavi Arch), museum collections (ancient art by Scipione Maffei; collections of paintings and sculptures of the Bevilacqua family; and Francesco Calzolar’s "Theatrum naturae", where the most admired objects were fossils from Monte Bolca), the modern architecture of Michele Sanmicheli (Palio Gate and Cappella Pellegrini), and Venetian paintings (Tintoretto and Veronese). Only in the 19 th century did the church of San Zeno appear among Verona’s must-see sites, described in detail as an excellent and rare example of Romanesque architecture; the house and tomb of Juliet was also included, though its state of preservation was completely inadequate to the image of Shakespeare’s drama and it tended to disappoint travellers.
IT
Il saggio presenta la prima analisi delle descrizioni di Verona e delle opere d’arte raccolte in città nei racconti dei viaggiatori polacchi del XVII–XIX secolo. Come risulta dalle ricerche effettuate, inizialmente i polacchi visitano la città solo di passaggio, sulla strada per Venezia, fermandosi qui per un momento per vedere l’unico oggetto “degno di essere visto”: l’anfiteatro romano del I secolo situato nel centro della città. A quel tempo le descrizioni della città erano laconiche, in quanto era considerata “secondaria” in Italia. Solo all’epoca del "Grand Tour", e soprattutto nella seconda metà del Settecento, i viaggiatori polacchi si dirigono intenzionalmente a Verona. Usano un cicerone consigliato da Ignacy Potocki. Utilizzano letteratura specializzata (Torello Saraina, "Dell’origine et ampiezza della città di Verona", Verona 1586, Scipione Maffei, "Verona illustrata e Museum veronense hoc est antiquarum inscriptionum atque anaglyphorum collectio", Verona 1749 e Giovanni Battista Da Persico, "Descrizione di Verona e della sua provincia", Verona 1820), il cui acquisto diventa uno degli obiettivi di una visita a Verona. Nel XVIII secolo, il percorso turistico (ricostruito sulla base del racconto di Katarzyna Platerowa "de domo" Sosnowska) comprendeva opere antiche (anfiteatro romano, Porta Borsari, Arco di Vitruvio, Arco Gavi), collezioni museali: arte antica di Scipione Maffei, collezione di dipinti e sculture della famiglia Bevilacqua e il "Theatrum naturae" di Francesco Calzolari, dove i più ammirati erano i fossili del Monte Bolca, e l’architettura moderna di Michele Sanmicheli (Porta Palio, cappella Pellegrini) e la pittura veneziana (Tintoretto, Veronese). Solo nell’Ottocento, tra i "must see" veronesi apparve la chiesa di San Zeno, descritta nei minimi dettagli come un eccellente e raro esempio di architettura romanica, e la casa e tomba di Giulietta, il cui stato di conservazione, del tutto inadeguato all’immagine del dramma di Shakespeare, delude i viaggiatori.
The article concerns travelblogs and the phenomenon of „gap year” very popular in western countries and United States. Travels organized by young people can be compared to Grand Tour – the idea of travel from XVIIth century whicz aim was knowledge of foreign languages and countries such as Italy, France, Netherlands and studying foreign customs and culture. The article is also a proposal of classification of travelblogs. There are blogs which are dominated by the form of encyclopedia, the reflection, story or conversation.
The French Loire valley was one of the main attractions on the Dutch Grand Tour in the 17th century. It had prestigious academies, private tutors of aristocratic skills such as fencing and formal dancing, and religious communities of Huguenots. This article examines how Protestant Dutch elite travellers expressed their interest, empathy, and connection to these groups of like-minded individuals. Travellers reflected both on past events of the 16th-century French Wars of Religion and on current difficulties. Focusing on the years leading up to the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, which drastically changed France’s religious situation in 1685, this article discusses how travellers presented the Huguenots’ troubles.
The article discusses the educational journey Józef Jerzy Hylzen embarked upon between 1752 and 1754, paying special attention to the interest of the peregrinator in natural sciences. A noticeable change took place in the approach to the things he saw; collections of curiosities were slowly being replaced by physical cabinets of 18th-century scholars. Thanks to participation in Jean-Antoine Nollet’s demonstrations of experimental physics, young Hylzen gained a new curiosity of the world. Nollet gave him the opportunity to meet other naturalists from France and the Netherlands: René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur, Pieter van Musschenbroek and Jean-Nicolas-Sébastien Allamand. Hylzen visited their physical cabinets which no longer reflected collector’s passion as they became places of scholarly study. Dividing the collected items by genre made them into prototypes of today’s museums, as scholars would often pass their collections to them.
Freiherr Johann Georg Czigan von Slupsk auf Freistadt und Dobroslawitz, who died in 1640, was the patron and friend of the Silesian poets Daniel Czepko and Wenzel Scherffer von Scherfferstein. With their poetic messages, they contributed to the dissemination of the image of the Freiherr von Slupsk as an erudite and book lover. This article attempts to verify the above opinion and identify the sources of the intellectual formation of Johann Georg Czigan and the genesis of his literary and bibliophile interests. It describes the environmental connections of Johann Georg Czigan and the ties that connected him with the world of nobilitas literaria. It presents books that were his property and have survived to this day, adorned with the baron’s supralibros, one of the two currently known aristocratic proprietary marks of this kind from the Duchy of Cieszyn.
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Zmarły w 1640 r. baron Jan Jerzy Cygan ze Słupska na Frysztacie i Dobrosławicach był patronem i przyjacielem śląskich poetów Daniela Czepki i Wacława Scherffera von Scherfferstein. Swoimi przekazami przyczynili się oni do upowszechnienia wizerunku pana ze Słupska jako erudyty i miłośnika ksiąg. Niniejszy artykuł podejmuje próbę weryfikacji powyższej opinii i rozpoznania źródeł intelektualnej formacji Jana Jerzego Cygana oraz genezy jego zainteresowań literackich i bibliofilskich. Opisuje środowiskowe powiązania Jana Jerzego Cygana oraz więzi łączące go ze światem nobilitas literaria. Przedstawia zachowane do dzisiaj książki stanowiące własność pana na Frysztacie oraz zdobiący je superekslibris barona, jeden z dwóch znanych obecnie tego rodzaju szlacheckich znaków własnościowych z terenu księstwa cieszyńskiego
This article discusses the journeys undertaken by 18th-century officers of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to European countries in their quest for professional education and military expertise. The phenomenon of military peregrinations gained momentum during the 18th century, becoming more popular than in the previous centuries. This development can be attributed, on one hand, to the profound crisis in Polish military affairs and, on the other hand, to the small size of the Crown and Lithuanian armies. Due to the difficulty in ascertaining the full extent of this phenomenon, this article is limited to an analysis of a representative sample of several dozen officers who embarked on such peregrinations between the 1720s and the 1780s. Notably, it was the Saxon army that emerged as the most favoured destination for Polish officers, this fact being intrinsically linked to the presence of the Wettin dynasty on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth’s throne. As for foreign armies, it was the French, Austrian, Prussian, and Russian contingents that were the most popular.
PL
W artykule zostały omówione podróże oficerów XVIII-wiecznych armii Rzeczypospolitej do krajów europejskich w celu zdobycia wykształcenia fachowego oraz doświadczenia wojennego. W XVIII wieku zjawisko peregrynacji wojskowych nabrało na sile w stosunku do poprzednich stuleci, na co wpływ miały z jednej strony głęboki kryzys wojskowości polskiej, a z drugiej ograniczona liczebność armii koronnej i litewskiej. Nie sposób oszacować skali tego zjawiska i dlatego w artykule ograniczono się do przedstawienia sondażowej grupy kilkudziesięciu oficerów, którzy od schyłku drugiej dekady do lat 80. XVIII wieku podjęli się takich peregrynacji. Najwięcej Polaków służyło w armii saskiej, co było związane z zasiadaniem na tronie Rzeczypospolitej Wettynów, a z armii obcych władców najpopularniejszymi były: francuska, cesarska, pruska i rosyjska.
During the 16th and 17th centuries, European universities emerged as alluring educational institutions for students, thanks to their outstanding professors and progressive pedagogical approaches. Notably, Italian universities offered not only attractive academic programs but also a plethora of scholarships and waivers, thereby further enhancing their appeal. The continuously expanding University of Padua was particularly attractive for aspiring students from Silesia, who predominantly enrolled in the German Artistic or Juristic faculties. The matriculation records of these academic divisions feature a number of prominent names, such as Angelus Silesius, Laurentius Scholz, and Joachim Cureus, whose careers, as evidenced by their biographies, were greatly influenced by their participation in the transformative Grand Tour.
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Europejskie uniwersytety w XVI i XVII wieku przyciągały studentów wybitną kadrą profesorską oraz nowoczesnymi metodami kształcenia. Uczelnie włoskie proponowały młodzieży nie tylko ciekawy program zajęć, lecz także różnego rodzaju stypendia i zwolnienia z opłat. Stale rozbudowująca się uczelnia w Padwie była atrakcyjna również dla studentów z terenu Śląska, którzy najczęściej zapisywali się na uniwersytet, wybierając nację niemiecką artystów lub jurystów. W księgach immatrykulacyjnych wspomnianych nacji można odnaleźć nazwiska m.in.: Angelusa Silesiusa, Laurentiusa Scholza czy też Joachima Cureusa, których życiorysy są potwierdzeniem ogromnego wpływu Grand Tour na rozwój kariery.
The article addresses Elizabethan travellers who visited Bohemia during the 1570s and 1580s. In the majority of cases, the visit to Bohemia, which mostly served as a transit destination, was limited to Prague which, as the capital, had the greatest cultural-political significance in the area. The core of the study is an analysis of surviving travel journals and correspondence from these first study and excursion tours undertaken by young Englishmen, the so called Grand Tours. Among the travellers who visited the capital of the Kingdom of Bohemia during their grand tour were: Philip Sidney (1554-86), Robert Sidney (1563-1626), Arthur Throckmorton (ca. 1557- 1626), George Carew (ca. 1556-1612) and Stephen Powle (ca. 1553-1630). Their personal observations, their perception of the situation in the Central Europe during the examined period, as well as the itinerary of the Grand Tour itself constitute the main subject of interest of this study.
Grand-scale travels, which were called grand tours and covered a number of European countries, became popular in the second half of the 17th century. The English author Richard Lassels was the first to use the term “Grand Tour”. He used it in reference to the educational trips of the nobility to France, Italy, the Netherlands, and Germany. The travelers, who were mainly European nobles and aristocrats, went abroad to receive private tuition or to study at universities, and visited many cities, where they admired the local works of art and architecture. This type of travel was born in Western Europe – more specifically, in England. In Poland, it quickly became very popular among the wealthy Polish nobles and magnates. One obvious example is the European peregrinations of the young representatives of the Zamoyski family in the 17th and 18th centuries, described in this article, which is based on the available primary and secondary sources. The article discusses the educational journeys of the Zamoyski family it terms of their most important aspects and the effects they had on the future lives, activities and careers of the owners of the Zamoyski family entail.
PL
Podróże realizowane z rozmachem i obejmujące szereg europejskich krajów (Grand Tour – „wielka podróż”) zostały spopularyzowane w drugiej połowie XVII wieku. Jako pierwszy określenia „wielka podróż” użył angielski autor Richard Lassels. Nazwał w ten sposób wyjazdy edukacyjno-poznawcze szlachty do Francji, Włoch, Holandii i Niemiec. Podróżnicy wywodzący się przede wszystkim ze szlachty i arystokracji europejskiej odbywali w ramach podróży studia prywatne lub uniwersyteckie, a także zwiedzali w tym czasie wiele miast, gdzie podziwiali dzieła sztuki i architektury. Ten typ podróżowania narodził się w Europie Zachodniej, a w szczególności w Anglii. W Rzeczypospolitej szlacheckiej szybko zdobył duże uznanie wśród polskiej zamożnej szlachty i magnaterii. W tej kategorii mieszczą się z całą pewnością peregrynacje europejskie młodych przedstawicieli rodu Zamoyskich w XVII i XVIII wieku, opisane w niniejszym artykule, opartym na dostępnych tekstach źródłowych i opracowaniach. W publikacji zobrazowano realizowane przez Zamoyskich podróże edukacyjno-poznawcze, ich przebieg, najważniejsze aspekty oraz efekty, jakie przyniosły dla dalszego życia, działań i karier osobistych ordynatów Zamoyskich.
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